2021期末复习高一英语试卷阅读理解专题训练含答案解析

　　阅读理解专题

　　北京市海淀区2018-2019学年高一英语下学期期中试卷

　　第一节阅读选择(共12小题;每小题2分，共24分)

　　阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　It was May 23, 2016. Arnot, the 32-year-old mountain guide, reached the top of Everest without the use of oxygen (O2) equipment. It was achieved after seven years, three previous attempts, and fourteen straight hours of climbing.

　　After 15 minutes at the top, Arnot began her descent (下坡). Eight hours later, she reached the camp at 7, 600 meters and became the first American woman-and only the seventh woman ever—to successfully reach Mount Everest without oxygen equipment.

　　"There are so many reasons for her impressive achievement, especially the physical and emotional efforts that she s put forth over the years to make this happen," says the professional climber and photographer Richards, "The mental courage that it requires is something very few people have."

　　Arnot didn't start climbing until she was 19 years old. Money was tight in her family, and climbing mountains never occurred in her mind. After graduating from college, Arnot was invited by her friend to climb a mountain. "It totally changed my life, says Arnot. I always know that if you want something, you can achieve it, but knowing what you want is a whole different thing," she says. "I am athletic but not competitive. After my first climbing, I knew immediately that mountains are what I want—as that is where I felt home for the first time in my life."

　　After that first climb, she devoted herself to learning how to climb and move through mountain. It was during her second trip to Everest in 2009 that she first set her sights on a no-oxygen attempt. However, while hiking into Everest Base Camp that year, she hurt her leg and wasn't able to climb without oxygen. In 2013 she nearly made it to the top, but was forced to take oxygen at 8,504 meters while helping another climber.

　　When Arnot finally stood atop Everest, she called her best friend, "I reached the top and I'm not using any oxygen." Then, tears began to stream down from her eyes. So much of Arnot's life has been about pushing the limits of her abilities, and in this case, she's also pushed up against the outer limits of the human spirit.

　　31. On May 23, 2016. Arnot ________.

　　A. spent 8 straight hours climbing

　　B. stayed at the top for 50 minutes

　　C. made her first attempt to climb Everest

　　D. reached the top without oxygen equipment

　　32. Arnot fell in love with climbing because _________.

　　A. money was no longer a problem to her

　　B. mountains gave her the feeling of comfort

　　C. she tried to be more athletic and competitive

　　D. she wanted to build up her body through climbing

　　33. What do we know about Arnot s climbing experience?

　　A. She took up climbing when she was 19 years old.

　　B. She has always been a good climber since her childhood.

　　C. She climbed Everest with her family during her first trip.

　　D. She hurt her leg badly while helping another climber in 2009.

　　34. Which of the following can best describe Arnot?

　　A. Determined and brave.B. Cautious and honest.

　　C. Caring and open-minded.D. Confident and creative.

　　【答案】31. D 32. B 33. A 34. A

　　【解析】

　　这是一篇记叙文。19岁才开始登山运动的阿诺特在第一次登山后就爱上了这项运动，只因为山给了她一种安慰感。第一次爬山之后，她全身心地投入到学习如何爬山和穿越高山。经过数次的困难和挑战之后，终于在2016年5月23日，32岁的阿诺特在没有使用氧气设备的情况下登上了珠穆朗玛峰。

　　【31题详解】

　　细节理解题。第一段第一句It was May 23, 2016. Arnot, the 32-year-old mountain guide, reached the top of Everest without the use of oxygen (O2) equipment.可知2016年5月23日，32岁的阿诺特在没有使用氧气设备的情况下登上了珠穆朗玛峰。故选D。

　　【32题详解】

　　细节理解题。第四段最后一句After my first climbing, I knew immediately that mountains are what I want—as that is where I felt home for the first time in my life.可知阿诺特爱上登山是因为登山让她第一次有家的感觉，即山给了她家一样的舒适和安慰感，故选B。

　　【33题详解】

　　细节理解题。第四段第一句Arnot didn't start climbing until she was 19 years old.可知阿诺特直到19岁才开始登山。故选A。

　　【34题详解】

　　推理判断题。倒数第二段第一句After that first climb, she devoted herself to learning how to climb and move through mountain.与倒数第二句However, while hiking into Everest Base Camp that year, she hurt her leg and wasn't able to climb without oxygen.可知阿诺特第一次爬山之后，她全身心地投入到学习如何爬山和穿越高山，虽然腿受了伤无法进行无氧登山，但是还是没有放弃登山，说明了阿诺特非常有决心;最后一段最后一句So much of Arnot's life has been about pushing the limits of her abilities可知阿诺特一生的大部分时间都在挑战自己的能力极限，说明了阿诺特非常勇敢。综上，故选A。

　　If you're a cycling lover, you will have to pay a lot of attention to your bicycle and maintain it well, for bicycle parts are exposed to wear and tear (磨损) over time and you have to examine the bicycle to see if there are any signs of wearing such as scratches, dents (凹陷) etc. Sometimes, a part may not work because it has exceeded its life expectancy. Sometimes, you will need to find replacement parts for it to keep up the performance of the bicycle.

　　Different parts of a bicycle will wear at different rates so it is very important that you have a basic understanding about the role played by each part. One of the most important parts of the bicycle is the frame, You will need to choose a frame that lasts for a very long time. Of course, you will see some paint scratches after some time. When you're selecting a frame, you have to think about the material. Aluminium (铝) frames will not rust easily, but they have a higher chance to dent. Steel frames will be hard to dent, but you will need to make sure they get a good paint job so that they won't rust.

　　Wheels also experience a lot of wear and tear and you should go for a professional seller when you want to buy wheels. There are different types of wheels that you can buy, like Zipp wheels that provide more aerodynamic efficiency (空气动力学效能). Investing in new tyres instead of going for used is a good idea because you will be able to get more use out of it. The same goes for chain as there's a higher chance of a used chain breaking. You may also experience shifting problems. However, some parts of bicycles such as pedals can be used for a long time and you can find different styles.

　　Other parts that you can buy used are seats, handlebars and the stem. When you are buying handlebars, you have to see if there are any dents or if they have been bent out of shape. There shouldn't be any cracks in the seat post or the handlebars. There are many shops where you can buy parts, so you will have to check the references to see how customers respond to them before you buy anything.

　　35. According to the passage, cycling lovers should ________.

　　A. buy a new bicycle to keep up the performance

　　B. replace the bicycle parts with signs of wearing

　　C. choose Aluminum frames rather than steel ones

　　D. learn how each part of the bicycle basically works

　　36. Which parts may be replaced by the used ones?

　　A. Wheels and chains.B. Tyres and seats.

　　C. Handlebars and stems.D. Frames and pedals.

　　37. The underlined word "references" in the last paragraph probably means "________".

　　A. materialsB. prices

　　C. introductionsD. comments

　　38. This passage is most likely to be found in ________.

　　A. a research reportB. a popular magazine

　　C. a tourist guide bookD. a product advertisement

　　【答案】35. D 36. C 37. D 38. B

　　【解析】

　　这是一篇说明文。对于自行车爱好者而言，了解自行车的各个部分是如何工作的非常重要。文章针对自行车各个部分，如：车架该如何选择、对于车轮和链条的选择等等提出了详细的建议作为参考。

　　【35题详解】

　　细节理解题。第二段第一句Different parts of a bicycle will wear at different rates so it is very important that you have a basic understanding about the role played by each part.可知自行车的不同部件磨损速度不同，所以对每个部件的作用有一个基本的了解是非常重要的。即自行车爱好者应该了解自行车的各个部分是如何工作的，故选D。

　　【36题详解】

　　细节理解题。第四段第一句Other parts that you can buy used are seats, handlebars and the stem.可知座椅、车把和车把可以用二手的替代，故选C。

　　【37题详解】

　　词义猜测题。根据后文to see how customers respond to them before you buy anything可知你在买任何东西之前，看看顾客的反应如何，即对这些零件的"评价"，故可推测划线部分单词意思为"评价"，故选D。

　　【38题详解】

　　主旨大意题。根据文章内容主要为给自行车爱好者说明自行车各个部分作用和注意事项，此类文章最有可能出自一份流行杂志。故选B。

　　The day will come when renewable energy such as wind solar, geothermal and others replace fossil fuels as the major source of world energy. However, most analysts insist that this day will not arrive for many decades to come—certainly well past the middle of the century. Systems of fossil fuels have already been firmly set up, and it is too costly or impractical to replace the existing systems with renewables. But there are good reasons to believe that the transition (转变) to renewables will come much faster than previously thought.

　　It is hardly surprising that many experts say we will see a relatively slow transition from fossil fuels to renewables, given what is known about previous energy changes of this sort. "Energy transitions take a long time," observed Vaclav Smil of the University of Manitoba in Scientific American. It took more than 50 years for coal to replace wood as the worlds leading source of energy and another 50 years for oil to replace coal; the change from fossil fuels to renewables, he argued, is not likely to come any faster.

　　Under ordinary circumstances, Smil's forecast would no doubt prove accurate. But these are not ordinary times. Growing concern over climate change is leading to increasingly strict controls on CO2 and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (排放), while the development in renewables technology is lowering their price and speeding their installation.

　　There are, of course, many difficulties in the effective control of carbon emissions, as demonstrated by coal companies to block the introduction of new rules by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Nevertheless, it is impossible to dismiss the progress being made at the local and international levels to promote the use of renewables. The European Union (E. U ), for example, is well on the way to achieving a 20% reduction in GHG emissions from 1990 levels by 2020, along with a 20% increase in the use of renewable energy.

　　The transition to renewables will be faster due to dramatic improvements in the pricing and performance of such systems. As a result of the steady increases in the efficiency of wind and solar systems, together with the savings achieved through large-scale manufacture, the price of renewables is falling globally. With prices dropping this fast, solar energy is now proving competitive with fossil fuels for generating electricity in many areas.

　　The change from fossil fuels to renewable energy will not come overnight, and it will not escape many setbacks. Nevertheless, renewables are likely to replace fossil fuels as the main source of electrical power well before mid-century.

　　39. Vaclav Smil believes that ________.

　　A. renewable energies are not very practical

　　B. the change to renewables will come slowly

　　C. systems of fossil fuels have been firmly set up

　　D. there are many setbacks of renewable energies

　　40. We can learn from the passage that European Union ________.

　　A. has cut down half of the carbon emissions

　　B. has failed to find a way to reduce GHG emissions

　　C. is trying their best to encourage the use of renewables

　　D. tries to stop the introduction of new rules on renewables

　　41. The renewables are more competitive because of ________.

　　A. their falling pricesB. the decline in coal industry

　　C. international tradeD. the new rules on CO2 emission

　　42. The author writes this passage in order to ________.

　　A. call on people to use less fossil fuels

　　B. give advice on how to promote renewables

　　C. argue that the energy transition will come sooner

　　D. prove the renewables will be the major source of energy

　　【答案】39. B 40. C 41. A 42. C

　　【解析】

　　这是一篇说明文。风能、太阳能、地热能等可再生能源将取代化石燃料，成为世界能源的主要来源。然而，大多数分析人士坚持认为，这一天在未来几十年内不会到来——当然也不会超过本世纪中叶。许多专家表示，鉴于对以往此类能源变化的了解可知从化石燃料向可再生能源的转变相对缓慢。从化石燃料到可再生能源的转变不会一蹴而就，也不会避免许多挫折。然而，可再生能源很可能在本世纪中叶之前取代化石燃料成为主要的电力来源。

　　【39题详解】

　　细节理解题。第二段最后一句the change from fossil fuels to renewables, he argued, is not likely to come any faster. Vaclav Smil认为，从化石燃料到可再生能源的转变不太可能更快。即可再生能源的转变将是缓慢的，故选B。

　　40题详解】

　　细节理解题。第四段最后一句The European Union (E. U ), for example, is well on the way to achieving a 20% reduction in GHG emissions from 1990 levels by 2020, along with a 20% increase in the use of renewable energy.可知欧盟正在朝着到2020年将温室气体排放量从1990年的水平减少20%的目标稳步前进，同时可再生能源的使用量也将增加20%。即可知欧盟正在尽最大努力鼓励使用可再生能源，故选C。

　　【41题详解】

　　细节理解题。第五段最后一句With prices dropping this fast, solar energy is now proving competitive with fossil fuels for generating electricity in many areas.可知由于价格下降如此之快，太阳能在许多领域的发电能力已经证明可以与化石燃料相媲美。即由于可再生能源价格下跌，它们的竞争力更强，故选A。

　　【42题详解】

　　主旨大意题。根据最后一段最后一句Nevertheless, renewables are likely to replace fossil fuels as the main source of electrical power well before mid-century.可知作者认为可再生能源很可能在本世纪中叶之前取代化石燃料成为主要的电力来源。再结合文章内容主要为讨论能源的转型正逐步实现，故选C。

　　北京市师大附中2018-2019学年高一英语下学期期中试题

　　第三部分: 阅读理解(共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)

　　第一节:

　　Get Involved! Make a Donation!

　　So what is rewilding?

　　Imagine our natural homes growing instead of shrinking. Imagine species (物种)diversifying instead of declining. That's rewilding. Rewilding is ecological restoration. Rewilding offers hope for wildlife, humans and the planet.

　　Why is rewilding important and necessary?

　　●Our natural ecology is broken. The places where you would expect wildlife to exist have been reduced to wet deserts. The seabed has been destroyed and there have been no livingcreatures any more.

　　●Our wildlife is disappearing. Many wonderful species have declined over the past century. We've lost more of our large animals than any European country.

　　●We need keystone species. These vital species, including top predators (食肉动物), drive ecological processes. Their loss has worsened our living systems.

　　●Nature looks after us. Good natural ecology can provide us with clean air and water, prevent flooding and store carbon. Rewilding can leave the world in a better state than it is today.

　　What are challenges?

　　As a long-term project, our "rewilding britain" has its challenges. Many people are notinterested, because we have got used to the lack of native forests. Many farmers oppose the idea. They thought it a crazy idea to bring back predators because they would start killing farmanimals. It takes time to educate them. Above all, we need money! So we need your help!

　　Make a donation.

　　Help us bring back living systems and restore wild nature!

　　With your help we can. . .

　　●Open up new chances for rewilding and push for change.

　　●Develop tools to educate, influence and spread the word.

　　Thanks for your support.

　　21. Which of the following is the result of rewilding?

　　A. Species become various.B. A lot of animals disappear.

　　C. Environments are destroyed.D. Natural disasters happen regularly.

　　22. According to the passage, one of the challenges at present is_______.

　　A. people's doubtsB. a lack of volunteers

　　C. a shortage of timeD. farmers' disagreement

　　23. What is the main purpose of the passage?

　　A. To introduce a new project.

　　B. To call on people to give money.

　　C. To warn people of the natural ecology.

　　D. To convince people to change their mind.

　　【答案】21. A 22. D 23. B

　　【解析】

　　本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了一个名叫"rewilding britain"的再野生化项目的具体情况，并号召人们为这个项目捐款。

　　【21题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第一段前三句"Imagine our natural homes growing instead of shrinking. Imagine species (物种) diversifying instead of declining. That's rewilding."可知当我们对物种进行再野生化的时候，我们的自然家园会扩大而不是萎缩，自然物种会变得更加多样而不是减少。也就是说物种会变得多样化，故A项正确。

　　【22题详解】

　　细节理解题。根据第六段前三句"As a long-term project, our "rewilding britain" has its challenges. Many people are not interested, because we have got used to the lack of native forests. Many farmers oppose the idea."可知这是一个长期项目，会有很多挑战。很多农民会反对这个项目。故D项正确。

　　【23题详解】

　　主旨大意题。根据文章最后一部分"Make a donation. Help us bring back living systems and restore wild nature!"可知本文主要是为了号召人们为"rewilding britain"项目捐款。故B项正确。

　　A Simple Lesson

　　"Another bad day at school?" my father asked as I came into the room.

　　"How could you tell? I didn't shut the door heavily or anything," I replied. Over the past two months I had either done this or thrown my backpack across the room ever time I came home from school. Papa thinks it has something to do with moving to a new house.

　　"I know this move has been hard on you. Leaving your friends and cousins behind is tough," Papa said, as he put his arm around my shoulder. "What you must remember is that, with a lot of hard work and some time, you will make new friends."

　　"You don't know how hard it is. This year my baseball team would have won the championship. They won't even give me a chance to pitch (投球) here. All I get to play is right field, and that's the worst!"

　　Papa turned toward me. "Things will get better, I promise you. Let me ask you, do you know why you were named David Lorenzo?"

　　"Yes, your name is David and grandfather's name is Lorenzo. "

　　"Very good, and what makes your grandfather so important?"

　　"He was the first in the family to come to this country and all that," I answered.

　　"That is only partly correct. Your grandfather was a very great man. In Mexico, he had been a teacher. When he came to America he could only get low-paid labor jobs because hedidn't speak the language. It took him two years before he spoke English well enough to beallowed to teach here, but he did it. He never complained because he knew change could be difficult. Did he ever tell you that?" my father asked.

　　I looked down at my feet, ashamed at my behavior. "No. That must have been hard," I said sheepishly.

　　"Your grandfather taught me that if you let people see your talent, they will accept you forwho you are. I want you to always remember what my father taught me, even if it takes a fewyears for people to see who you are," said Papa.

　　All I could say was, "Okay. " Then I asked, "What should I do now?"

　　Laughing, Papa said, "How about you pitch a few to me? You need some work. "

　　24. Why was the author unhappy that day?

　　A. Because he moved to a new country.

　　B. Because his baseball team lost the game.

　　C. Because he wasn't offered a chance to pitch.

　　D. Because he quarreled with his friends at school.

　　25. The father successfully changed his son's mood by_________.

　　A. asking him to train harder

　　B. playing baseball with him

　　C. telling his grandfather's story

　　D. introducing him some new friends

　　26. The underlined word "sheepishly" probably means________.

　　A. shylyB. patiently

　　C. clumsilyD. cautiously

　　27. What can we infer about the author?

　　A. He thinks his father lives in the past.

　　B. He'd rather live with his grandfather.

　　C. He will continue to dislike school and everything.

　　D. He will try his best to adapt to the new environment.

　　【答案】24. C 25. C 26. A 27. D

　　【解析】

　　文章大意：搬家来到了新学校，面对新环境，作者一直闷闷不乐。父亲把祖父的故事讲给了作者，从祖父的身上作者汲取到了有益的教益。

　　【24题详解】

　　C　细节理解题。由第四段"They won't even give me a chance to pitch (投球) here."可知，作者到新校后，没有获得投球的机会，所以不高兴。

　　【25题详解】

　　C　推理判断题。由文章后面的介绍可知，作者的父亲给作者讲述了祖父的故事给作者上了有效的一课。

　　【26题详解】

　　A　猜测词义题。听了祖父的故事，作者非常内疚，所以"害羞地"承认了自己的错误。

　　【27题详解】

　　D　推理判断题。由倒数第四段"I looked down at my feet, ashamed at my behavior."和倒数第三段可推知，作者从祖父的身上获得了教益，一定会像祖父一样尽力适应新环境。

　　Many of us listen to music while we work, thinking that it will help us to concentrate on the task at hand. And in fact, recent research has found that music can have beneficial effects on creativity. When it comes to other areas of performance, however, the impact of background music is more complicated.

　　The idea that listening to music when working is beneficial to output probably has its roots in the so-called "Mozart effect". Put simply, this is the finding that spatial rotation performance(空间旋转能力) is increased immediately after listening to the music of Mozart,compared to no sound at all.

　　How sound affects performance has been the topic of research for over 40 years, and isobserved through a phenomenon called the irrelevant sound effect. To study irrelevant soundeffect, participants in the research are asked to complete a simple task which requires them torecall a series of numbers or letters in the exact order in which they saw them. The tricky thingis being able to do this while ignoring any background noise.

　　Two key characteristics of the irrelevant sound effect are required for its observation. First, the task must require the person to use their rehearsal abilities( 复述能力), and second, thesound must contain acoustical variation(声学变化). Where the sound does not vary much acoustically, the performance of the task is much closer to that observed in quiet conditions.

　　The irrelevant sound effect itself comes from attempting to process two sources of ordered information at the same time- one from the task and one from the sound. Unfortunately, onlythe former is required to successfully perform the recall task, and the effort in ensuring thatirrelevant order information from the sound is not processed actually hinders(阻碍) this ability.

　　A similar conflict is also seen when reading while in the presence of lyrical music. In thissituation, the two sources of words—from the task and the sound—are in conflict. The cost ispoorer performance of the task in the presence of music with lyrics.

　　What this all means is that whether having music playing in the background helps orhinders performance depends on the task and on the type of music, and only understanding this relationship will help people maximize their productivity levels.

　　28. "Mozart effect" is mentioned to________.

　　A. explain how music can relax people

　　B. show music can improve performance

　　C. advise people to listen to Mozart music

　　D. stress Mozart music gains wide attention

　　29. It can be inferred that participants in the research________.

　　A. have improved their rehearsal ability

　　B. perform better in the quiet conditions

　　C. ignore the background noise successfully

　　D. prefer the music with great sound variation

　　30. Paragraph 6 is written to_______.

　　A. support an idea

　　B. make a contrast

　　C. introduce a topic

　　D. describe a fact

　　31. What is the best title for the passage?

　　A. Music shapes your life

　　B. Music develops your creativity

　　C. Choose quiet music for your work

　　D. Does music make you concentrate?

　　【答案】28. B 29. B 30. A 31. D

　　【解析】

　　【分析】

　　本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述的是"音乐在工作中的效应"。我们中的许多人在工作时听音乐，认为它会帮助我们集中精力完成手头的任务。事实上，最近的研究发现，音乐可以对创造力产生有益的影响。然而，当涉及到其他表演领域时，背景音乐的影响就更加复杂了。

　　【28题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句When it comes to other areas of performance, however, the impact of background music is more complicated."然而，当涉及到其他表演领域时，背景音乐的影响就更加复杂了。"和第二段第一句The idea that listening to music when working is beneficial to output probably has its roots in the so-called "Mozart effect"."工作时听音乐有利于产量的观点，可能根源于所谓的"莫扎特效应"。"可知，"莫扎特效应"是指音乐可以提高演奏水平。故选B。

　　【29题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句Where the sound does not vary much acoustically, the performance of the task is much closer to that observed in quiet conditions."在声音变化不大的情况下，任务的性能更接近于在安静条件下观察到的性能"。可以推断，研究参与者在安静的环境中表现得更好。故选B。

　　【30题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第六段中A similar conflict is also seen when reading while in the presence of lyrical music. In this situation, the two sources of words—from the task and the sound—are in conflict.可知，第6段是为了支持一个观点而写的。故选A。

　　【31题详解】

　　主旨大意题。根据最后一段What this all means is that whether having music playing in the background helps or hinders performance depends on the task and on the type of music, and only understanding this relationship will help people maximize their productivity levels."这一切都意味着，在后台播放音乐是有助于还是阻碍表现取决于任务和音乐类型，只有理解这种关系才能帮助人们最大化他们的生产力水平。"可知，本文主题是D项"音乐能让你集中注意力吗?"

　　【点睛】推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话，也可能是某几句话，所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常含infer, suggest, imply, conclude ，indicate等标志性词语。这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题和猜测想象推断题。本题第2小题，根据第四段最后一句Where the sound does not vary much acoustically, the performance of the task is much closer to that observed in quiet conditions."在声音变化不大的情况下，任务的性能更接近于在安静条件下观察到的性能"。可以推断，研究参与者在安静的环境中表现得更好。故选B。

　　We talk continuously about how to make children more "resilient (有恢复力的)"，but whatever we're doing, it's not working. Rates of anxiety disorders and depression are rising rapidly among teenagers. What are we doing wrong?

　　Nassim Taleb invented the word "antifragile" and used it to describe a small but very important class of systems that gain from shocks, challenges, and disorder. The immune (免疫的) system is one of them: it requires exposure to certain kinds of bacteria and potential allergens (过敏原) in childhood in order to develop to its full ability.

　　Children's social and emotional abilities are as antifragile as their immune systems. If we overprotect kids and keep them"safe" from unpleasant social situations and negative emotions,we deprive (剥夺) them of the challenges and opportunities for self-building they need to grow strong. Such children are likely to suffer more when exposed later to other unpleasant but ordinary life events, such as teasing and social rejection.

　　It's not the kids' fault. In the UK, as in the US, parents became much more fearful in the1980s and 1990s as cable TV and later the Internet exposed everyone, more and more, to those rare occurrences of crimes and accidents that now occur less and less. Outdoor play and independent mobility went down; screen time and adult-monitored activities went up.

　　Yet free play in which kids work out their own rules of engagement, take small risks, and learn to master small dangers turns out to be vital for the development of adult social and even physical competence. Depriving them of free play prevents their social-emotional growth. Norwegian play researchers Ellen Sandseter and Leif Kennair warned: "We may observe an increased anxiety or mental disorders in society if children are forbidden from participating in age adequate risky play. "

　　They wrote those words in 2011. Over the following few years, their prediction came true. Kids born after 1994 are suffering from much higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression than did the previous generation. Besides, there is also a rise in the rate at which teenage girls are admitted to hospital for deliberately harming themselves.

　　What can we do to change these trends? How can we raise kids strong enough to handle the ordinary and extraordinary challenges of life? We can't guarantee that giving primary school children more independence today will bring down the rate of teenage suicide tomorrow. The links between childhood overprotection and teenage mental illness are suggestive but not clear-cut. Yet there are good reasons to suspect that by depriving our naturally antifragile kids of the wide range of experiences they need to become strong, we are systematically preventing their growth. We should let go—and let them grow.

　　32. Why does the author mention the immune system in Paragraph 2?

　　A. To stress its importance.

　　B. To analyze the cause of anxiety.

　　C. To question the latest discovery.

　　D. To help understand a new word.

　　33. Parents overprotect children because______.

　　A. they are concerned about their children's safety

　　B. they want to keep children from being teased

　　C. parent-monitored activities are a must

　　D. children are not independent enough

　　34. According to the author, free play can_____.

　　A. promote children's resilience

　　B. strengthen children's friendship

　　C. reduce children's risky behavior

　　D. develop children's leadership skills

　　35. Which of the following does the author probably agree with?

　　A. Stop trying to perfect your child.

　　B. It takes great courage to raise children.

　　C. Prepare the child for the road, not the road for the child.

　　D. While we try to teach our children all about life, our children teach us what life is all about.

　　【答案】32. D 33. A 34. A 35. C

　　【解析】

　　本文是一篇议论文。文章论述的是"不要过分保护孩子"。作者认为"让孩子为路做准备，而不是为孩子准备路"。

　　【32题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第二段Nassim Taleb invented the word "antifragile" and used it to describe a small but very important class of systems that gain from shocks, challenges, and disorder. The immune (免疫的) system is one of them: it requires exposure to certain kinds of bacteria and potential allergens (过敏原) in childhood in order to develop to its full ability."纳西姆·塔勒布发明了"抗脆弱"这个词，并使用它来描述一个很小但非常重要的系统类别，它从冲击、挑战和混乱中获益。免疫系统就是其中之一:它需要在儿童时期接触某些种类的细菌和潜在的过敏原，以充分发展其能力。"可知，作者在第二段中提到免疫系统是为了帮助理解一个新单词antifragile。故选D。

　　【33题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第四段中It's not the kids' fault. In the UK, as in the US, parents became much more fearful in the1980s and 1990s as cable TV and later the Internet exposed everyone, more and more, to those rare occurrences of crimes and accidents that now occur less and less."这不是孩子们的错。在英国，就像在美国一样，父母们在20世纪80年代和90年代变得更加害怕，因为有线电视和后来的互联网让每个人越来越多地暴露在那些现在越来越少发生的罕见的犯罪和事故面前。"可知，父母过分保护孩子，因为他们担心孩子的安全。故选A。

　　【34题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据第五段中Yet free play in which kids work out their own rules of engagement, take small risks, and learn to master small dangers turns out to be vital for the development of adult social and even physical competence."然而，让孩子们自己制定参与规则、承担小风险并学会掌握小危险的自由游戏，对成人社交能力乃至身体能力的发展至关重要。"可知，作者认为，自由玩耍可以提高孩子的适应力。故选A。

　　【35题详解】

　　推理判断题。根据最后一段中Yet there are good reasons to suspect that by depriving our naturally antifragile kids of the wide range of experiences they need to become strong, we are systematically preventing their growth. We should let go—and let them grow."然而，我们有充分的理由怀疑，通过剥夺我们天生抗脆弱的孩子成长所需的广泛经验，我们正在系统性地阻止他们的成长。我们应该放手，让他们成长。"由此可知，作者会同意"让孩子为路做准备，而不是为孩子准备路"的观点。故选C。

　　北京市昌平区新学道临川学校2018-2019学年高一英语下学期期中试题

　　第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分)

　　A nine-year-old kid was sitting at his desk when suddenly there was a puddle (水坑) between his feet and the front of his trousers was wet. He thought his heart was going to stop because he couldn't possibly imagine how this had happened. It had never happened before, and he knew that when the boys found out, especially Jack, he would never hear the end of it. When the girls found out, especially Martha and Jackie, they would never speak to him again as long as he lived.

　　He prayed this prayer, "Dear God, I need help now! Five minutes from now I'm dead meat!" He looked up from his prayer and here came the teacher with a look in her eyes that said he had been discovered. As the teacher was walking toward him, a classmate named Susie was carrying a goldfish bowl full of water. Susie lost her balance in front of the teacher and dumped (倒) the bowl of water in the boy's lap. The boy pretended to be angry, but all the while was saying to himself, "Thank you, Lord!"

　　Now all of a sudden, instead of being the object of ridicule (嘲笑), the boy was the object of sympathy (同情). The teacher rushed him downstairs and gave him gym shorts to put on while his trousers dried out. All the other children were on their hands and knees cleaning up around his desk. Martha even gave him her own candy. The sympathy was wonderful. But as life would have it, the ridicule that should have been his had been turned to someone else—Susie. She tried to help, but they told her to get out.

　　When school was over, the boy walked over to Susie and whispered, "You did that on purpose, didn't you?" Susie whispered back, "I wet my trousers once, too!"

　　21. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means _______.

　　A. the boys would never play with him

　　B. the boys would treat him as usual

　　C. he would hardly hear any praise from the boys

　　D. he would be laughed at by the boys endlessly

　　22. After Susie dumped water in his lap, the boy was in a state of _______.

　　A. disappointmentB. relief C. anxiety D. anger

　　23. What did the other kids do after the incident?

　　A. They offered him dry clothes.

　　B. They laughed at the boy rudely.

　　C. They helped the boy do the cleaning.

　　D. They urged the boy to get out angrily.

　　24. Why did Susie dump water in the boy's lap?

　　A. The boy asked her to do so. B. She just did it by accident.

　　C. The teacher told her to do so. D. She knew the boy's trouble.

　　There is a story about a man who lost his legs and left arm in an accident. After the accident, only a finger and thumb on his right hand remained.

　　He was a brilliant, creative, and educated man. He had gained a lot of experience while traveling around the world, so he became very depressed after his accident. He was afraid that he would spend the rest of his life suffering and would no longer be able to spend his life in a meaningful way. Then, he realized that he still had partial function of his right hand and could still write even though it was very difficult. An idea occurred to him. "Why not write to other people who need encouragement?"

　　He wrote to the prison ministry about sending letters to the prisoners. The prison minister replied, "Writing to the prisoners is acceptable, but your letters will not be answered."

　　Filled with excitement, the man knew he could write his letters. He began sending one-way messages of God's love, hope, strength, and encouragement. He wrote twice a week, testing his strength and ability to the limit. He poured his heart and soul into his words and shared his experience, sense of humor, optimism, and faith.

　　It was difficult to write those letters, especially without hope of a reply. One day he received a letter from the prison ministry. It was a short note from the officer who monitored and checked the prison mail.

　　The letter said, "Please write on the best paper you can afford. Your letters are passed from cell(囚房)to cell until they literally(逐字地，字面上的)fall to pieces!"

　　No matter what circumstances life may present, we all have unique experiences, abilities, and God-given talents. We can discover ways to reach others who desperately need messages of encouragement and strength.

　　25. In order to live in a meaningful way, the man began to _______.

　　A. write to other people who need encouragement

　　B. receive the school education

　　C. meet the people who are depressed

　　D. help other people with lost arms and legs

　　26. According to the prison minister,___________

　　A. the man was not allowed to write to the prisoners

　　B. the prisoners were not allowed to answer the letters

　　C. the man couldn't go to see the prisoners himself

　　D. he was not sure if the prisoners liked receiving the letters

　　27. From the officer's short note we are told that__________.

　　A. the man would be offered free paper to write letters on

　　B. some of the prisoners were not satisfied with his letters

　　C. his letters were very popular among the prisoners

　　D. the prisoners eagerly wanted to write back to the man

　　28. What can be the best title for the passage?

　　A. Stories about a Helpful Person

　　B. Relationship between Writers and Prisoners

　　C. Popularity of Special Letters

　　D. Special Letters of Encouragement

　　Jackie is writing a summary(总结)and feedback(反馈)about School Day to his teacher.

　　Summary:

　　School Day was held successfully on Oct. 6th. Twenty-four student helpers from Grade 8 were divided into four groups of six. Each group had a task to raise money for the disabled.

　　All of groups performed well on School Day and received praise from the visitors. In short, our School Day went well and we got no poor opinions from the visitors.

　　Feedback:

　　Opinions from 100 students have been collected. Most students thought the activities were good. However, some students thought the prices of the school postcards were a little too high.

　　Satisfaction Feedback

　　Follow-up:

　　Have a meeting with the headmaster about prizes for excellent student helpers.

　　29. The text is written to.

　　A. give a report

　　B. have School Day

　　C. collect opinions from visitors

　　D. hold a meeting with teachers

　　30. How many students like the recycling bags according to the feedback?

　　A. 50. B. 25. C. 15. D. 10.

　　31. Which of the following is TRUE about the activities?

　　A. Nick was the leader of Group I.

　　B. Twenty-four students offered their feedback.

　　C. The postcards were cheap.

　　D. Student helpers who did well can get prizes.

　　Traveling should be easy and enjoyable, and one of the ways to make sure your trip remains fun is to know exactly how to keep your valuables safe.

　　If you are traveling alone, distribute (分散) your money through your luggage. Place most of it in a wallet and put the wallet in your main suitcase or bag. Make a rough estimate of how much money you will need on the journey, till you reach your destination. Add, say, $100 to that. Place this money in a different wallet and carry this in your pocket. Spend from this wallet till you get to your destination. If you are traveling with someone, distribute the money among yourselves.

　　Instead of wearing your jewelry(珠宝), you can put your jewelry at the bottom of your suitcase or bag. DO NOT carry it in your purse; just in case somebody is very quick in stealing your purse; or in case you misplace your purse. In addition, if you are going to be frequently opening your purse for things like tickets and phone numbers, what if you accidentally just drop it?

　　Have you ever seen a mini backpack purse? It looks really fashionable and is very smart. Plus, it's really convenient to use. The best thing to do is to sling(悬挂) the mini backpack purse in the front, like a baby carrier. There are two big advantages to do this: one, your hands remain free to carry your luggage and other things; and two, your purse is always monitored, and it is just under your nose.

　　Credit cards are very useful in many ways. But if you misplace your credit card, it is quite easy for someone else to find it and use it to his/her maximum benefit before you even realize you have lost it! If you lose cash, you lose only that much cash as you are carrying. But a lost credit card means the money in your bank account is lost. So always try to use cash instead of credit card while traveling.

　　32. Which of the following statements does the author probably disagree with?

　　A. Putting your money in different wallets.

　　B. Putting your jewelry in your purse.

　　C. Carrying a mini backpack purse.

　　D. Using cash instead of credit cards.

　　33. Carrying a mini backpack purse can help you because _____.

　　A. it is easy for you to carry your baby.

　　B. it is convenient to carry and monitor.

　　C. it reduces the burden on your back.

　　D. it can be used to carry more things.

　　34. What can we learn from the text?

　　A. You shouldn't spend money until you reach your destination.

　　B. One should carry a fashionable backpack purse while traveling.

　　C. Putting jewelry at the bottom of a bag is safer.

　　D. Credit cards are not as convenient as cash while traveling.

　　35. What is the main idea of the text?

　　A. Ways to make traveling fun and enjoyable.

　　B. Tips on carrying valuables safely while traveling.

　　C. Advice on travelers' personal safety.

　　D. Things to consider before traveling.

　　21-24 DBCD 25-28 ABCD 29-31 AAD 32-35 BBCB

　　北京市第四十四中学2018—2019学年度第二学期期中测试高一英语试题

　　第三部分阅读理解 (共两节，40分)

　　第一节：(共15小题,每小题2分; 共30分)

　　4-Day Classic Beijing Tour

　　The 4-day classic Beijing tour is designed for tourists who come to visit China for the first time. It covers the most popular and typical places in Beijing, fully displaying the scenery, culture, history, local lifestyles and features, food and drinks, business, etc. for you.

　　Day 1: Arrival in Beijing

　　Your guide meets you at Capital Airport, and helps you check in at your hotel.

　　Enjoy Beijing Duck as welcome dinner.Accommodation: Beijing downtown

　　Day 2: The Great Wall & the Summer Palace

　　Start your day at the most famous part of the Great Wall, the Badaling Great Wall. Leave the downtown for the Great Wall at 8 am. Since it is a long drive to the Great Wall (about 2 hours' riding) have a break at the Jade Museum on the way. Lunch will be enjoyed in a local restaurant. In the early afternoon come back to the city and have a sightseeing tour of the Summer Palace.

　　Recommended Activity: Beijing Opera Show (Liyuan Theatre, 19:30-21: 10 every evening)

　　Accommodation: Beijing downtown

　　Day 3: Beijing city sightseeing & Local experience

　　Your guide meets you at the hotel at 8 am and set out for the day's touring: Tian'anmen Square and the Forbidden City. After visiting the two sites, have a break and get ready for lunch.

　　Hutong visit: see some traditional arts of the old Beijing, such as paper cutting and kite making, and visit a local family.Accommodation: Beijing downtown

　　Day 4: Beijing Olympic sites

　　Visit the Olympic sites: Bird's Nest, Water Cube and Olympic Park, witnessing the fast developing modern China. Enjoy some free time after visiting the sites.

　　After lunch, it is shopping time and then the tour is over.

　　46. This advertisement is aimed at ________.

　　A. experts who study history and cities B. foreigners who are new to China

　　C. kids who were born in other cities D. people who are interested in touring

　　47. If a tourist wants to enjoy Beijing Opera, he should ________.

　　A. go to Liyuan Theatre in the eveningB. visit the Summer Palace on the first day

　　C. go sightseeing in Beijing HutongD. live and eat downtown in Beijing

　　48. What does this tour company think can show Beijing is a fast developing modern city?

　　A. Beijing Capital Airport.

　　B. Tian'anmen Square and the Forbidden City.

　　C. Bird's Nest, Water Cube and Olympic Park.

　　D. The Great Wall & the Summer Palace.

　　When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother's Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her. W_w w.k*s*5 u.c@o m

　　My mother has realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on phone to pretend I was she. I was forced to ask for information or even to yell at people who had been rude to her. One time I had to call her stockbroker (股票经纪人). I said in an adolescent (青少年的) voice that was not very convincing, "This is Mrs. Tan."

　　And my mother was standing beside me, whispering loudly, "Why he doesn't send me cheek already two week late."

　　And then, in perfect English I said: "I'm getting rather concerned. You agreed to send the check two weeks ago, but it hasn't arrived."

　　Then she talked more loudly. "What he want? I come to New York tell him front of his boss." And so I turned to the stockbroker again, "I can't tolerate (容忍) any more excuse. If I don't receive the check immediately, I am going to have to speak to your manager when I am in New York next week."

　　The next week we ended up in New York. While I was sitting there red-faced, my mother, the real Mrs. Tan, was shouting to his boss in her broken English. W_w w.k*s*5 u.c@o m

　　When I was a teenager, my mother's broken English embarrassed me. But now, I see it differently. To me, my mother's English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. It is my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, and full of observation and wisdom. It was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed ideas, and made sense of the world.

　　49.From Paragraph 2, we know that the author was .

　　A. good at pretendingB. rude to the stockbroker

　　C. unwilling to phone for her mother D. ready to help her mother

　　50.After the author made the phone call, .

　　A. they failed to get the check B. they went to New York immediately

　　C. they forgave the stockbrokerD. they spoke to their boss at once

　　51.What does the author think of her mother's English now? W_w w.k*s*5 u.c@o m

　　A. It confuses her. B. It embarrasses her.

　　C. It helps her tolerate rude people. D. It helps her understand the world.

　　52.We can infer from the passage that Chinese English .

　　A. is clear and natural to non-native speakers

　　B. may bring inconvenience in America

　　C. is vivid and direct to non-native speakers W_w w.k*s*5 u.c@o m

　　D. has a very bad reputation in America

　　According to Gallup's annual Global Emotions report, people all over the world are more stressed than ever before. Nearly 40 percent of adults from 146 countries reported having experienced worry or stress. And it isn't just adults experiencing these high stress levels; experts have also observed a rise in the number of children and youth. According to another study published in EurekAlert, one in five students are so stressed that they've considered self-harm or suicide. The immense stress they face has been proven to be harmful to their health.

　　It's no news that stress can trigger anxiety, depression and self-harming behaviors, and cause sleep problems, social withdrawal, angry outbursts and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. We are moving towards a society where an increasing number of us face mental health problems that stem from high stress levels. If stress increases rapidly, how can we fight it?

　　It might sound easier said than done but studies have shown that the best way to deal with stress is to change your perception(认识) of it.

　　The University of Wisconsin conducted a study of 30,000 Americans. Researchers asked them how much stress they'd experienced in the past year and whether they believed stress was harming their health. The researchers concluded that people in the study who were exposed to large amounts of stress and viewed stress as harmful had 43 percent higher risk of dying than people who viewed stress as a helpful response.

　　More interestingly, those with more positive perceptions of stress had the lowest risk of death out of all involved in the study, even lower than those experiencing very little stress.

　　A separate study conducted by researchers from King's College London and the University of Marburg showed students with more negative beliefs about stress experienced more physical symptoms, such as headaches, tension and tiredness during a stressful end-of-semester exam period, compared with students who had more positive beliefs about stress.

　　These two studies have proven that stress itself is not actually bad. It is the belief that stress is bad that is bad.

　　53. According to the passage, we can learn that ________.

　　A. more and more people suffer from higher stress levels

　　B. one in five adults in America has considered self-harm

　　C. 30,000 children have experienced stress in the past year

　　D. youth are more likely to believe stress is helpful than adults

　　54. The research by the University of Wisconsin concludes ________.

　　A. stress generally benefits us

　　B. stress leads to a higher risk of death

　　C. people under stress often perform better

　　D. optimism cuts the risk of stress-related death

　　55. The separate study in Paragraph 6 is mentioned to ________.

　　A. put forward a new idea B. support the above findings

　　C. compare different findings D. argue against the above point

　　56. What would be the best title for this passage?

　　A. Stress Affects People of All Ages

　　B. We Are Winning the Battle against Stress

　　C. Stress Damages Your Health if You Think So

　　D. Negative Beliefs about Stress Cause Tension

　　Imagine a town with crosswalks but no pedestrians, cars and trucks but no drivers. Welcome to Mcity, a fake "city" built by researchers who are testing out the driverless cars of the future.

　　The controlled test environment, which opened today (July 20, 2015) at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, covers 32 acres (the size of about 24 football fields) and contains all the trappings of a real suburb or small city. There is an entire network of roads lined with sidewalks, streetlights, stop signs and traffic signals. There's even a "downtown" area complete with fake buildings and outdoor dining areas.

　　The idea behind Mcity is simple: test out new driverless car innovations in a human-free environment before these technologies are unleashed in the real world.

　　"Mcity is a safe, controlled, and realistic environment where we are going to figure out how the incredible potential of connected and automated vehicles can be realized quickly, efficiently and safely," Peter Sweatman, director of the Mobility Transformation Center at U-M, said in a statement.

　　The roads of Mcity are built to stand up to "rigorous, repeatable" testing, according to MTC officials. While Mcity drivers don't have to compete with real pedestrians, there will be one mechanical foot-traveler (a robot-like machine named Sebastian) that steps out into traffic to see whether the automated cars can hit the brakes in time. The fake city also features a traffic circle, a bridge, a tunnel, some unpaved roads, and even a four-lane highway with entrance and exit ramps, according to a report by Bloomberg Business.

　　In addition to evaluating fully automated, or driverless cars, the researchers also hope to test out so-called connected vehicles within Mcity's limits. Connected cars can either communicate with one another (vehicle-to-vehicle control, or V2V) or with pieces of equipment, such as traffic lights, that are located near roadways (vehicle-to-infrastructure control, or V2I).

　　Even the smallest details of Mcity have been planned out in advance to copy the conditions that connected and automated vehicles could face in the real world. For example, there are street signs covered up with graffiti, and faded yellow and white lane markings line the streets.

　　Mcity is just one part of a much larger project that MTC and its partner organizations are establishing in an effort to get a whole fleet of connected and driverless cars on the road in Ann Arbor by 2021. In addition to the fake city, MTC is also continuing to launch connected and semi-autonomous(半自动) cars on real roadways. Eventually, the University of Michigan and the Michigan Department of Transportation said they hope to put 20,000 connected cars on the roads of southern Michigan.

　　57. According to the passage, Mcity ___________.

　　A. is a real town used to evaluate the function of future cars

　　B. is a fake city with transportation system but no pedestrians

　　C. covers an area of 32 acres with as many as 24 football fields

　　D. owns a downtown area with a bridge and some unpaved roads

　　58. Why did researchers build Mcity?

　　A. To test new driverless cars. B. To make a real suburb or small city.

　　C. To control road environment. D. To build an entire network of roads.

　　59. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.

　　A. some connected and semi-autonomous cars have been put into use

　　B. the researchers plans to create a robot-like machine to direct the traffic

　　C. the widespread use of driverless cars will soon come into reality in America

　　D. MTC is attempting to make connected and driverless cars available on real roads

　　60. How does the passage mainly develop?

　　A. By presenting descriptions of the design.

　　B. By describing a cause and its effects.

　　C. By providing the time order.

　　D. By comparing the opinions.

　　北航附中2018-2019学年度第二学期高一期中统一练习英语试题

　　第一节阅读选择(共 12 小题;每小题 2 分，共 24 分)

　　阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　After 15 minutes at the top, Arnot began her descent (下坡). Eight hours later, she reached the camp at 7,600 meters and became the first American woman—and only the seventh woman ever—to successfully reach Mount Everest without oxygen equipment.

　　"There are so many reasons for her impressive achievement, especially the physical and emotional efforts that she's put forth over the years to make this happen," says the professional climber and photographer Richards, "The mental courage that it requires is something very few people have."

　　Arnot didn't start climbing until she was 19 years old. Money was tight in her family, and climbing mountains never occurred in her mind. After graduating from college, Arnot was invited by her friend to climb a mountain. "It totally changed my life," says Arnot. "I always know that if you want something, you can achieve it, but knowing what you want is a whole different thing," she says. "I am athletic but not competitive. After my first climb, I knew immediately that mountains are what I

　　want—as that is where I felt home for the first time in my life."

　　After that first climb, she devoted herself to learning how to climb and move through mountains. It was during her second trip to Everest in 2009 that she first set her sights on a no-oxygen attempt. However, while hiking into Everest Base Camp that year, she hurt her leg and wasn't able to climb without oxygen. In 2013 she nearly made it to the top, but was forced to take oxygen at 8,504 meters while helping another climber.

　　51. On May 23, 2016, Arnot .

　　A. spent 8 straight hours climbing B. stayed at the top for 50 minutes

　　C. made her first attempt to climb Everest D. reached the top without oxygen equipment

　　52. Arnot fell in love with climbing because .

　　A. money was no longer a problem to her B. mountains gave her the feeling of comfort

　　C. she tried to be more athletic and competitive

　　D. she wanted to build up her body through climbing

　　53. What do we know about Arnot's climbing experience?

　　A. She took up climbing when she was 19 years old.

　　B. She has always been a good climber since her childhood.

　　C. She climbed Everest with her family during her first trip.

　　D. She hurt her leg badly while helping another climber in 2009.

　　54. Which of the following can best describe Arnot?

　　A. Determined and brave.B. Cautious and honest.

　　C. Caring and open-minded.D. Confident and creative.

　　If you're a cycling lover, you will have to pay a lot of attention to your bicycle and maintain it well, for bicycle parts are exposed to wear and tear ( 磨损 ) over time and you have to examine the bicycle to see if there are any signs of wearing such as scratches, dents (凹陷) etc. Sometimes, a part may not work because it has exceeded its life expectancy. Sometimes, you will need to find replacement parts for it to keep up the performance of the bicycle.

　　Different parts of a bicycle will wear at different

　　seat

　　tyreframe

　　handlebars stem

　　rates so it is very important that you have a basic understanding about the role played by each part. One of the most important parts of the bicycle is the frame. You will need to choose a frame that lasts for a very long time. Of course, you will see some paint scratches after some time. When you're selecting a frame, you have to think about the material. Aluminium (铝) frames will not rust easily, but they have a higher chance to dent. Steel frames will be hard

　　chain

　　pedal

　　to dent, but you will need to make sure they get a good paint job so that they won't rust.

　　Other parts that you can buy used are seats, handlebars and the

　　stem. When you are buying handlebars, you have to see if there are any dents or if they have been bent out of shape. There shouldn't be any cracks in the seat post or the handlebars. There are many shops where you can buy parts, so you will have to check the references to see how customers respond to them before you buy anything.

　　55. According to the passage, cycling lovers should ______.

　　A. buy a new bicycle to keep up the performance

　　B. replace the bicycle parts with signs of wearing

　　C. choose Aluminum frames rather than steel ones

　　D. learn how each part of the bicycle basically works

　　56. Which parts may be replaced by the used ones?

　　A. Wheels and chains.B. Tyres and seats.

　　C. Handlebars and stems.D. Frames and pedals.

　　57. The underlined word "references" in the last paragraph probably means " ".

　　A. materialsB. pricesC. introductionsD. comments

　　58. This passage is most likely to be found in .

　　A. a research reportB. a popular magazine

　　C. a tourist guide bookD. a product advertisement

　　The day will come when renewable energy such as wind, solar, geothermal and others replace fossil fuels as the major source of world energy. However, most analysts insist that this day will not arrive for many decades to come—certainly well past the middle of the century. Systems of fossil fuels have already been firmly set up, and it is too costly or impractical to replace the existing systems with renewables. But there are good reasons to believe that the transition (转变) to renewables will come much faster than previously thought.

　　It is hardly surprising that many experts say we will see a relatively slow transition from fossil fuels to renewables, given what is known about previous energy changes of this sort. "Energy transitions take a long time," observed Vaclav Smil of the University of Manitoba in Scientific American. It took more than 50 years for coal to replace wood as the world's leading source of energy and another 50 years for oil to replace coal; the change from fossil fuels to renewables, he argued, is not likely to come any faster.

　　There are, of course, many difficulties in the effective control of carbon emissions, as demonstrated by coal companies to block the introduction of new rules by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Nevertheless, it is impossible to dismiss the progress being made at the local and international levels to promote the use of renewables. The European Union (E.U.), for example, is well on the way to achieving a 20% reduction in GHG emissions from 1990 levels by 2020, along with a 20% increase in the use of renewable energy.

　　59. Vaclav Smil believes that ______ .

　　A. renewable energies are not very practical

　　B. the change to renewables will come slowly

　　C. systems of fossil fuels have been firmly set up

　　D. there are many setbacks of renewable energies

　　60. We can learn from the passage that European Union .

　　A. has cut down half of the carbon emissions

　　B. has failed to find a way to reduce GHG emissions

　　C. is trying their best to encourage the use of renewables

　　D. tries to stop the introduction of new rules on renewables

　　61. The renewables are more competitive because of .

　　A. their falling pricesB. the decline in coal industry