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【高中英语】语法系列之形容词用法讲解

作者:未知 时间:2021-02-06 阅读:( )

 

形容词

一.形容词的定义: 形容词表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态, 修饰名词或不定代词

二.形容词在句中的作用:

1.作定语:

  a. He is a great writer.

  b. This is an interesting book.

  c. I have something important to tell you.

2.作表语:

  a. The bridge is long and wide.

  b. It is getting warm.

3.作补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语):

  a. The news made her happy.

  b. We found the text very difficult.

  c. You should keep your classroom clean.

  d. The classroom should be kept clean.

4.作主语或宾语: the+adj表示某一类人或事物, 这种名词化的形容词起着名词的作用, 在句中可以作主语或宾语

  a. We should respect the old and love the young.

  b. The new will replace the old.

  c. The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.

5.作状语: 形容词作状语时, 多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况

  a. Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.

  b. Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.

  c. Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote.

三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题:

  1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等词; 表语形容词作定语时需后置

  2.有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为定语形容词, 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年长的), former前任的, latter后者, front前面的, back后面的, outer外部的

 

四.形容词在句中的位置:

1.单个形容词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前; 两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况:

  ①.和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词

  a. It is a touching English film.

  ②.音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的形容词在后

  a. I have a small but beautiful room.

  不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时, 按以下顺序进行排列:

2.单个形容词作定语时, 在下列情况之下, 形容词应放在被修饰的词之后

  ①.形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anything等时应后置

  a. Is there anything important in the article?

  b. There is something difficult in the lesson.

  c. There is nothing wrong in your homework.

  ②.形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置

  a. The building is seventeen storeys high.

  b. He is ten years old.

  c. The street is five hundred meters long.

  ③.用and / or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 起强调修饰语的作用

  a. We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern.

  b. Every nation, big or small, has its rights.

  c. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.

  ④.有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置, 如: given, left, won, missed等

  a. None of the answers given (被给的答案) were correct.

  ⑤.表语形容词作定语时需后置, 如: alive, present, possible等

  a. He is the greatest writer alive.

  b. He was the only person awake at the moment.

3.形容词短语作定语时, 需要后置

  a. He is a worker worthy of praise.

  b. This is a problem difficult to solve.

  c. She is always ready to help others.

五.特殊的形容词: 有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词, 而不是副词, 这样的词如: friendly友好的, lovely可爱的, weekly每周的, orderly有秩序的, brotherly兄弟般的, lively活泼的, lonely孤独的, likely可能的, deadly致命的

 

形容词和副词

形容词、副词是每年高考必考点之一,近几年语境综合化程度越来越高,难度加大。高考热点有:形容词、副词词义辨析;原级、比较级、最高级的使用;倍数的表达方法;比较等级的修饰语;多个形容词的排列顺序;常见形容词、副词的惯用法等。

关于形容词与副词这一考点,主要考查以下几个方面:

1. 考查形容词和副词的基本用法

形容词在句中一般作定语、表语、补语,而副词在句中主要作状语。

2. 考查形容词作定语的后置规律

形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前,但下列三种情况形容词要后置:

①形容词短语作定语时;

②表语形容词作定语时;

③修饰复合不定代词时。

3. 考查多个形容词作定语的排序

多个形容词修饰名词时,其排序规律是:(限定词+程度副词+) 描绘+大小(长短、高低)+形状+年龄(新旧)+颜色+国籍或产地+物质材料+类别或用途+名词。

4. 考查副词在句中的位置规律

副词修饰形容词或其它副词时,一般位于被修饰词的前面,但enough却要放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面。

5. 考查–ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别

-ed形容词,通常说明人,意为“(某人)感到……”;-ing形容词通常说明事物,意为“(某事物)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”。

6. 考查两种不同形式的副词的用法差异

即考查与形容词同形的副词与形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别。

7. 考查形容词和副词的比较等级。

8. 考查比较等级的修饰语。

考点1: 在具体的语境中辨析形容词与副词的语义

从复现的频率来看,此点是高考对形容词、副词考查的第一大热点。解答此类题关键是要分析具体的语境,结合基本词义、搭配等来选择正确的答案。

经过统计,常见常考的形容词和副词有(按频度排列):even; interested; interesting; yet; hardly; just; therefore; though; too; very; common; effective; either; ever; fair; however; less; more; nearly; only; purposefully; rather; still; such; surprised; surprising

还有以下形容词和副词应当熟悉和掌握:a good many; a number of; acceptable; accidentally; actively; adequately; already; another; anxious; anyway; ashamed; attentively; bad; badly; besides; better; but; careful; changeable; cheap; comfortable; convenient; eagerly; easy; encouraging; enha-ncing; equal; even though; eventually; fairly; far; fewer; following; formally; friendly; gen-erously; gradually; heavily; historic; hopefully; immediately; inaccessible; individual; inevit-able; initial; instead; invisible; largely; never; next; no; normal; nowadays; obviously; ordin-ary; other; otherwise; patient; plenty of; prac-tical; promoting; proper; quickly; readily; reasonable; remote; seldom; seriously; short; so; stimulating; traditional; unavailable; unav-oidable; unfavorable; unfortunately; usual; va-rious; weak; well

  

考点2:考查形容词、副词的比较级、最高级及前面的修饰语

1) 比较级、最高级的选用及应用范围

比较级、最高级常用于表示两者或多者间的比较。

①as + 原级adj. / adv. + as表示“和……一样”及not as / so + 原级adj. / adv. + as表示“不如……”。

(94全国) John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.

  The piano in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good.

②as + 原级adj. + a(n) + n. + as表示“跟……一样”。

(2001全国) It’s generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.

(2003北京) Our neighbour has as big a house as ours.

③ 比较级+ than表“比……更”及less ... than表示“不如……”。

This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.

This road is wider than that one.

④the + 比较级,the + 比较级表示“越……,就越……”。

(93上海) It’s believed that the harder you work, the better result you’ll get.

⑤the +比较级+ of the + 名词/ 代词表示两者中“较……的”。

Who is the younger of the two boys?

⑥比较级+ 比较级(越来越……)。

Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

Things became worse and worse from then on.

⑦用the last表示“最不可能的”、“最不适合的”、“最不希望的”等。

The last thing I want to do is to offend you.我最不愿意做的就是惹你生气。

He is the last man I want to see.他是我最不希望见的人。

  

2) 形容词、副词原级、比较级、最高级前的程度状语

① 注意一些形容词或副词前的特定修饰语。

(2004广东) Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always that much to do. (那样多)

I quite like it. They are quite different / wrong.

My hometown is much changed.

much to my surprise(很让我吃惊)

be well worth doing (很值得做)

② 比较级前常可用still, even, much, far, a lot / little / few / bit, rather, any, a great deal, so far, by far, no等词修饰。(注意more不用于修饰比较级)。

(94全国) If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time.

(2000上海) You’re standing too near the cinema. Can you move a bit farther?

③ 最高级可用序数词、much、by far、nearly、almost等词修饰。

Africa is the second largest continent.

The Pacific is by far the largest ocean.

I like this film the very best / much the best.

  

考点3:形容词作表语,形容词、副词作后置定语

1) 形容词用于系动词后作表语

在最近几年高考试题中系动词加形容词作表语的情况出现过很多次。高考对此点的考查集中于区别到底是系动词还是一般动词并选择合适的形容词,而不是副词作表语。常见的联系动词有如下三类:

表示感觉的系动词:sound, look, taste, appear, smell, feel, seem等

表示变化的系动词:become, fall, get, turn, grow, make, come, go等

表示状态存在的系动词:remain, keep, stay, continue, prove, lie, stand等。

 

 

2) 形容词、副词作后置定语

常见的几种修饰语后置的情况有:

①形容词修饰something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代词时要后置。

②present作“出席的”时只作后置定语。

③表语形容词如alive, asleep, awake, alone等只能作后置定语。

④副词修饰动词时, 放在动词之后。

修饰形容词或副词时, 放在被修饰词之前。enough修饰形容词、副词时要后置,修饰名词时可放在名词的前后。形容词短语修饰名词作主语时要后置。用and或or连接的形容词作定语时要后置, 起强调作用。表数量的词作定语时要后置。副词修饰形容词的特殊词序, “so, as, how, too + 形容词+ 单数可数名词”。

  

考点4: 倍数表达法

三种常见倍数表达法:

1) 倍数+ as + 原级形容词+ as ...。

例如:This road is three times as long as that one.

  

2) 倍数+ the size / length / width / depth / height of ...。

例如:The river is five times the width of that one.

  

3) 倍数+ 比较级+ than + 被比较对象。

例如:The sun is a million times larger than the earth.

  

考点5: 多个形容词作定语时的排序问题及语序不同意义不同的词组

1) 多个形容词作定语时的排序问题

多个形容词作定语时的排序一般遵从如下规律:

如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。

例如:a small wonderful gift

常用的顺序为:

限定词+描绘性形容词(beautiful)+大小、长短、高低等形容性形容词+(large, long, high)+新旧(old)+颜色(red)+产地(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修饰名词(desk)

例如:

all these last few days 最近的这些日子

some beautiful little red flowers 一些美丽的小红花

a high red brick wall 一堵高高的红砖墙

a beautiful white Japanese military jeep 一辆漂亮的白色日本军用吉普车

 

其中限定词的排列顺序为:

all / both / half / double / 倍数词/ 分数词+ 冠词/ 指示代词/ 物主代词/ 名词所有格/ some / any / no / every / each +基数词/ 序数词/ little / few / last / next / other / another / more,形容词的排列顺序为:大小、长短、高低、新旧、颜色、产地、材料、用途、类别等。

尽管以上给出了排序的基本规律,但由于所涉及的词太多,想要记清楚确实有难度。下面给出四句口诀辅助记忆:所有这些词, 顺序往后数;美小圆旧黄,法国木书房。

上面口诀中前两句主要用于解决排在最前边的多个限定词之间的顺序。它可以应用于all (所有) these (这些) last (顺序) few (数量) days短语中。这个短语基本上可以体现多个限定词之间的先后顺序。口诀后两句可对应一句话“This is a charming small round old yellow French wood reading room.”其中多个形容词之间的先后顺序基本上可以在这一句中得以体现,而且汉语歌诀的形式将使记忆更形象、更深刻。利用以上歌诀时最好是“抓两头”,即牢记排在最前边的限定词及排在最后边的形容词,如产地、材料、用途等,则能轻松突破此难点。

  

考点6: 考查形容词与副词区别, 易混词带有-ly的形容词、副词及复合形容词

 

wide / high / deep(具体的意义)宽/ 高/ 深widely / highly / deeply(抽象意义)广泛地/ 高度地/ 深深地

most十分、非常/ 最多(大)的

mostly主要地、绝大多数地、多半

close靠近地

closely密切地、仔细地

late迟的,迟到的

lately最近、近来

direct直接(主要用于谈论路程和时间,和straight意思相同) directly直率地、立即

  

2) 注意合成形容词本质上是一个形容词,其合成部份中的名词不能变为复数形式。

例如:

He wrote a two-thousand-word report.

His uncle is 6 feet tall. He is a forty-year old man.

  

3) “名词+ ly”构成的是形容词,而不是副词。

这类形容词有friendly, lovely, weekly, monthly, daily等

  

4) 有些词既可以作形容词也可以作副词。

例如:

He got up late, so he was late for school again.

Can you see that straight road? Go straight along this road, you’ll find the supermarket at the end.

This maths problem was hard. I thought hard and got the answer at last.

 

 

 

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