人教版 ▏八年级英语（下册）Unit 10 词汇、句型精讲

人教版八年级下册Unit 10 词汇、句型精讲

词汇精讲

1. for/since

(1) for与表示一段时间的词连用，表示“做某事多长时间了”，常用于现在完成时，表示从过去某时开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。for所在句子中的动词是延续性动词。例如：

I’ve lived inChinafor two years. 我住在中国两年了。

I’ve known him for more than twenty years. 我认识他20多年了。

(2) since作连词，引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句常用完成时。例如：

I have studied English since I came here. 自从我来这里就学习英语。

I have known her since I was five years old. 自从我五岁就认识她。

since还可以作介词，连接一个过去的时间点或一段时间+ago。例如：

She has been ill since last weekend.

她自从上周末就病了。

She has been in Wuhan since four years ago.

自从四年前她就在武汉。

2. maker

maker是名词，意为“生产者；制造者”，是由“动词make + 后缀-r”构成的。英语中，表示职业或身份的名词小结：

(1) 以-ist结尾的有：

pianist钢琴家 chemist化学家 violinist小提琴家

physicist物理学家 scientist科学家

(2) 以-er，-r或-or结尾的有：

teacher教师 painter画家

writer作家 singer歌唱家

visitor参观者 actor演员

engineer工程师 inventor发明家

professor教授 reporter记者

(3) 以-man结尾的有：

postman邮递员 policeman警察

businessman商人 spaceman宇航员

fisherman渔夫 dustman清洁工

(4) 以-ian结尾的有：

musician音乐家 politician政治家

3. certain

certain作形容词，意为“某种；某事；某人”。例如：

He decided to sell his certain books.

他决定卖掉他的某些书籍。

【拓展】certain作形容词，意为“确定的；无疑的”，相当于sure，对应的副词为certainly。certain常用于以下结构中：

be certain / sure of sth. 对某事有把握

be certain / sure to do sth. 肯定做某事

be certain / sure + that从句确信…… 例如：

They are certain / sure of success. 他们有把握成功。

I’m certain / sure that he will come. 我确信他会成功的。

4. a 46-year-old husband and father

46-year-old是复合形容词，这种形容词有两个特点：一是词与词之间要用连字符连接；二是数词之后的名词用单数形式。例如：

a three-meter-long line一条三米长的绳子

【拓展】岁数的表达方式小结：

(1) 基数词 + years old。例如：

He is 8 years old. 他八岁了。

(2) 基础词-year-old。例如：

Lucy is an eighteen-year-old girl. Lucy是一位18岁的女孩。

(3) 名词 + of + 基础词。例如：

Tom is a boy of 18. Tom是一位18岁的男孩。

(4) at the age of + 基数词。例如：

She is at the age of 18. 她18岁了。

5. shame

shame是不可数名词，意为“羞耻；羞愧；惭愧”。可与不定冠词a连用，表示“可耻的人或事；可惜（遗憾）的事”。例如：

He felt no shame for what he had done.

他对自己所做过的事不感到羞愧。

It’s a shame that you can’t stay for dinner.

你不能留下吃晚饭，真遗憾。

【拓展】shame常见的短语有：

feel shame at…因……而感到羞愧

in shame羞愧地

have no shame无羞耻心

with shame羞愧地

to one’s shame令某人感到羞愧的是

bring shame on使丢脸

6. regard

regard作及物动词，意为“注视；注意；认作”。常用短语regard…as…意为“将……视为……；把……当作……”，as为介词，其后可接名词或代词。例如：

I regard you as my best friend. 我把你当作我最好的朋友。

We regard him as our brother. 我们把他当成兄弟看待。

7. opposite

(1) opposite作介词，意为“在……对面”，相当于across from，常与名词一起构成介词短语，表方位。例如：

They live opposite the bank. 他们住在银行对面。

(2) opposite作形容词，意为“另一边的；对面的；相反的”。例如：

We live on the opposite side of the road. 我们住在马路对面。

(3) opposite作副词，意为“在对面”。例如：

There’s an old man living opposite. 有一个老人住在对面。

(4) opposite作名词，意为“相反的人或物；对立面”，常与介词of一起使用。例如：

“Tall” is the opposite of “short”. “高”是“矮”的反义词。

8. consider

consider作动词，意为“考虑、认为”，它的后面跟名词、动名词或者从句作宾语。

Please consider my suggestion.

请考虑我的建议。

Why don’t you consider visiting Qing Dao？

你为什么不考虑去青岛参观？
I consider that he is a selfish man.

我认为他是一个自私的人。

【拓展】

后接动名词作宾语的动词及短语可参考以下归纳：

完成，实践，值得，忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）；

考虑，建议，不禁，想（consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like）；

错过，习惯，（别）放弃（miss, be used to, give up）；

继续，喜欢，（要）介意（keep on, enjoy, mind）。

练一练：

I. 英汉互译。

1. 多久___________________

2. not …any more __________

3. grow up_____________

4. 起初___________________

5. as for __________________

6. give up_____________

7. 至少________________

8. 一年一两次________________

9. according to ______________

10. in order to___________________

II. 根据句意及汉语提示写出所缺单词。

1. All my life I have tried to be an _________(诚实的) man.

2. He tied a _________(围巾) around his neck.

3. Please ________(检查) your answer again.

4. It’s very comfortable to step on the _________(柔软的) ground in the spring.

5. During the 1830s, countries all over the world started to build _________(铁路).

6. He is the tallest one _____(在……当中) the boys.

7. In judging him you should ________(仔细考虑) his youth.

8. I have many pleasant _________(回忆) of our friendship.

9. My little son can _________(数数) from one to ten.

10. Miss Li _______(搜寻) on the Internet for the information she needed.

III. 用since或for填空。

1. Jill has been inIreland_________ Monday.

2. Jill has been inIreland_________ three days.

3. My aunt has lived inAustralia_________ 15 days.

4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there _______ 7 o’clock.

5.Indiahas been an independent country ________ 1947.

6. The bus is late. We’ve been waiting _______ 20 minutes.

7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ________ many years.

8. Mike has been ill ________ a long time. He has been in hospital _______ October.

参考答案：

I. 英汉互译。

1. how long 2. 不再 3. 长大 4. at first

5. 至于…… 6. 放弃 7. at least

8. once or twice a year 9. 根据；按照 10. 为了

II. 根据句意及首字母和汉语提示写出所缺单词。

1. honest 2. scarf 3. check 4. soft

5. railway 6. among 7. consider

8. memories 9. count 10. searched

III. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since

6. for 7. for 8. for; since

句型精讲

1. How long have you had that bike over there?

how long意为“多长时间”，询问某一动作或状态持续了多久，故句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词或

表示状态的连系动词。例如：

How long do you watch TV? 你看电视多长时间了？

How long can I keep the book? 这本书我可以借多久？

【拓展】how long; how often; how soon的辨析：

how long

表示“多长时间”，主要对时间段提问。例如：

— How long is he staying? 他打算待多久？

— He’s staying for a week. 他打算待一个星期。

how often

表示“多久一次”，主要对频率进行提问。例如：

— How often do you watch TV?你多久看一次电视？

— Twice a week. 一周两次。

how soon

意为“还要多久”，多用在一般将来时中。例如：

— How soon will he be back? 他要多久才回来？

— In an hour. 一小时以后。

2. Because I don’t read it any more.

not…any more意为“不再”。not常位于be动词、情态动词或助动词之后，any more常位于句末，相当于no more。no more常位于句中，放在be动词之后，实义动词之前，两者经常可以互换。例如：

He doesn’t live here any more. = He no more lives here.

他不再住在这里了。

【拓展】

表示“不再”的词还有not…any longer或no longer。二者的区别在于：

(1) not…any more = no more，表示数量或程度上的“不再”增加，通常修饰终止性动词。例如：

The baby isn’t crying any more. = The baby is no more crying.

这个婴儿不再哭了。

(2) no longer = not…any longer表示时间或距离上的“不再”延长，通常修饰延续性的动词。例如：

I can’t stand it any longer. 我对此再也不能忍受下去了。

3. Amy thinks it’s hard to sell her old things.

It is/was + adj. + to do sth. 意为“做某事是……的”，to do sth.为句子的真正的主语，而it为形式主语，形式主语不能用别的词来代替，句中可在形容词后加for sb.，意为“对于某人来说，做某事是……的”。例如：

It’s important for us to learn a foreign language.

对我们来说，学习一门外语是相当重要的。

It’s necessary for us to eat more fruit and vegetables.

对我们来说，多吃蔬菜和水果是必要的。

【拓展】

这个句型中的for sb.有时也可以用of sb. 二者意义有区别：

(1) 在It’s + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 中，for sb.意为“对某人来说”，句中的形容词是用来说明to do sth.的，形式主语只能用it。例如：

It’s necessary for the students to do some housework.

对于学生们来说，做些家务是十分必要的。

(2) 在It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 中of sb. 意为“某人……”，句中形容词可与逻辑主语sb. 构成系表结构，即形容词是用来说明或形容sb.（某人）的。例如：

It’s very kind of you to help us.

你能帮助我们真是太好了。

4. Jim has been inJapanfor three days.

(1) been是be动词的过去分词形式。

(2) have been in 是be in的现在完成时形式，一般与段时间状语连用。例如：

He has been in hospital for two months. 他住院已经有两个月了。

【拓展】have been to; have been in 与have gone to的辨析：

(1) “have/ has been to + 地点”表示“去过某地”，现在已经回来了。例如：

I’ve been to Beijing twice. 我已去过北京两次。

(2) “have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地待了一段时间”。例如：

He’s been in this school for two years. 他在这所学校待了两年了。

(3)“ have/has gone to + 地点”表示“到某事去了”，现在还没有回来，可能在去的途中，也可能在那里或返回的途中。例如：

— Where’s Wei Hua? 魏华在哪里？

— She has gone to the zoo. 她到动物园去了。

5. But he also thinks some things will never change, and his hometown is still the place that holds all his childhood memories.

这是一个复合句，some things至句末为宾语从句，作thinks的宾语。在该宾语从句中包含由and连接的

两个分句，在第二个分句中，“that holds all his childhood memories”是定语从句，修饰先行词place。关

系代词that在定语从句中作主语。当定语从句的先行词指物时，关系代词可用that或which，当关系代

词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词that或which也可省略。例如：

I like clothes that/which are unusual.

我喜欢与众不同的衣服。

Pass me the book(that/which) you bought for me yesterday.

把你昨天给我买的那本书递给我。

练一练：

I. 根据汉语提示完成英语句子（每空一词）。

1. 你拥有那边的那辆自行车多长时间了？

______ ______ ______ you ______ that bike over there?

2. 请查看一下这些玩具是否完好。

Please ______ ______ if these toys are all right.

3. 说实在的，我很喜欢美国乡村音乐。

______ ______ ______, I like American country music very much.

4. 我在纽约住了几个星期。

I have lived in New York for ______ ______ ______ weeks.

5. 他不懈地学习着，直到不再讨厌数学为止。

He worked and worked until he ______ ______ hated mathematics.

6. 怀特先生的记忆力很差。

Mr. White has ______ ______ ______.

7. “空的”是“满的”的反义词。

“Empty” is ______ ______ ______ “full”.

8. 许多警察和官兵正在森林里搜寻从监狱里跑出来的犯人。

Many policemen and soldiers are ______ the forest ______ the prisoner escaping from prison.

II. 句型转化，每空一词。

1. He ran in the school for half an hour. (对划线部分提问)

______ ______ ______ he run in the school?

2. We started to skate two hours ago. (对划线部分提问)

______ ______ you start to skate?

3. They started to play the piano one or two hours ago. (改为同义句)

They started to play the piano ______ ______ ______ two ago.

4. They have been away from here since two years ago. (改为同义句)

______ ______ two years ______ they left here.

5. The man began to work four hours ago. (改为同义句)

The man has ______ ______ four hours.

6. I have already finished my homework. (改为否定句)

I ______ ______ my homework ______.

7. She has cleaned the room. (改为一般疑问句)

______ she ______ the room?

8. Tina bought the car last year. (改为同义句)

Tina ______ ______ the car ______ a year.

III. 补全对话。

A. Who has gone there?

B. When are you going there?

C. I haven’t been there, either.

D. I’ve seen and learnt a lot there.

E. What have you done in the holiday?

F. Which pavilion do you want to visit most?

G. But I hear there’re a large number of people every day.

M: Yang Liu, the summer holiday is over. 1

W: I have visited the World Expo Garden in Shanghai.

M: That must be exciting. 2 You must have waited for a long time to visit some wonderful pavilion, didn’t you?

W: Yes, I did. But I think it’s worth visiting. 3

M: You’re right. I want to go to the World Expo Garden, too.

W: 4

M: I’m planning to go during National Day holiday.

W: 5

M: The China Pavilion, of course.

W: Have a pleasant trip.

M: Thanks.

参考答案：

I. 根据汉语提示，完成英语句子（每空一词）。

1. How long have; had

2. check out

3. To be honest

4. a couple of

5. no longer

6. a bad memory

7. the opposite of

8. searching; for

II. 句型转化，每空一词。

1. How long did

2. When did

3. one hour or

4. It is; since

5. worked for

6. haven’t finished; yet

7. Has; cleaned

8. has had; for

III. 补全对话。

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