(1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。
short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest
clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest
(2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st。
(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。
(4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。
heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest
(5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
(6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。
well→better→best
bad→worse→worst
ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
(1)“甲 be (倍数) 形容词比较级 than 乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
This room is three times bigger than that one.
(2)“甲 实意动词 (倍数) 副词比较级 than 乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.
He runs three times faster than his brother.
(1)“主语 be the 形容词最高级( 单数名词) in/of...”表示“……是……中最……的”。
Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.
This apple is the biggest of the five.
(2)“主语 实意动词 (the) 副词最高级 in/of...”表示“……是……中最……的”。
I jump (the) farthest in my class.
2.谓语:主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意义的动词。
3. 宾语:分为动词宾语和介词宾语,属于动作的承受者。
4. 系动词:表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义。如 be, 感官系动词(look, sound, smell, taste 和 feel)、保持类系动词(keep, stay 和 remain)、状态变化类系动词(become、get、turn 和 go)等。
8. 补语:分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。是对宾语和主语的补充说明,与其有主动或被动的逻辑关系。
例如:You should keep the room clean and tidy.
(You是主语, should keep是谓语,the room是宾语,clean and tidy是宾语补足语。)
This kind of food tastes delicious.
(This kind of food是主语, tastes是系动词, delicious是表语。)
注意:主语、谓语、宾语、系动词、表语、补语是一个句子的主干成分;定语和状语是一个句子的修饰性成分,不是主干成分。
1. 简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。
2. 复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。
3. 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句 并列连词 简单句”。
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.
分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.
分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.
分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。
分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.
“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语,同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。
(1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。
如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
(2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。
如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。
(3)形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。
如:I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。
(2)whether/if:表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。
(3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)
连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.(what 在宾语从句中做主语)
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why 在宾语从句中做原因状语)
①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。
(2)语序:任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作,或表示现在的特征、状态。
当主语是非第三人称单数时,行为动词的一般现在时变化形式(见下表)。如:
当主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词一般现在时的句型变化如下表:
现在进行时表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。常与now,at the moment,look,listen等词连用。
The little boy is watching TV now.
Listen!She is playing the guitar in the next room.
肯定式:am/is/are doing(现在分词)
否定式:am/is/are not doing(现在分词)
一般疑问式:Am/Is/Are 主语 doing(现在分词) 其他
They’re having a meeting now.
They aren't having a meeting now.
Are they having a meeting now?
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态(与现在无关) 。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。
What did you do yesterday?
I was an English teacher one year ago.
I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.
2. 否定句形式:①was/were not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
I wasn't an English teacher one year ago.
I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.
3. 一般疑问句:①was/were提到句首;②Did 主语 动词原形 其他?
Were you an English teacher one year ago?
Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon?
What were you one year ago?
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态,或将来经常发生的动作或状态。
I will do a better job next time.
Oil and water will not mix.
2. am/is/are going to 动词原形
否定式:am/is/are not going to 动词原形
一般疑问式:am/is/are 主语 going to 动词原形 其他?
He is going to spend his holidays in London.
Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.
Is he going to collect any data for us?
What are you going to do tomorrow?
can(能,会), may(可以,可能,也许), must(必须,一定,应该) have to(必须,不得不)
1. 肯定句结构:主语 can/may/must 动词原形 其它,例如:
2. 否定句结构: 在can/may/must后加not,例如:
You mustn’t talk aloud in the library.
3. 一般疑问句结构: 把can/may/must提在主语前,例如:
Must you go now? (Yes, I must. No, I needn’t.)
May I open the window? (Yes, you may. No, you needn’t.)
had better 动词原形表示“最好做……”,变否定句时在had better后加not。例如:
You had better catch a bus.
You’d better not catch a bus. (You had= You’d )
对划线部分提问时,将划线部分去掉,剩下部分变一般疑问句语序。(对主语提问例外)例如:
My name is Lily. What’s your name?
The river is 500 kilometres. Hong long is the river?
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