外研社版高一英语新教材必修二Unit 6知识清单

Unit 6 Earth first

一、单词变换

1．scare v．使(某人)惊恐，吓唬

→scared adj.害怕的；惊恐的

2．fortunately adv.幸运地

→fortunate adj.幸运的

→fortune n．运气

3．extinction n．灭绝，绝种

→extinct adj.灭绝的

4．devote v．致力，献身

→devoted adj.挚爱的；投入的

→devotion n．致力；献身

5．cruelty n．残忍，残酷

→cruela dj.残忍的；残酷的

→cruelly adv.残忍地；残酷地

6．fog n．雾

→foggy adj.多雾的；有雾的

7．infection n．感染，传染病

→infect v．传染

→infectious adj.传染的；传染性的

8．permission n．允许，许可

→permit v．允许；许可；许可证

9．urge v．竭力主张；强烈要求，敦促

→urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的

10．concerned adj.焦急的，担忧的

→concern v．担忧；涉及n．担忧

11．contribute v．促成，造成(某事发生)

→contribution n．贡献

二、重点单词和短语

1.be scared of sb./sth.害怕某人/某事

(be) scared to death吓死了

be scared to do sth.害怕/不敢做某事

→ scare v．使(某人)惊恐；吓唬

scare sb.into doing sth. 恐吓某人做某事

scare sb.to death 把某人吓得要死

scare sb.away/off 将某人吓跑

She is scared of surfing on the sea while her brother is fond of it.

她害怕在海上冲浪，然而她弟弟非常喜爱。

Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well.

有些父母试图用吓唬的办法使孩子们守规矩。

Rock climbing was a fun thing but I was scared to death from the start.

攀岩很有趣，但开始时我吓得要死。

2.devote vt.献身；专心于(常与介词to连用)

devote...to...把……奉献给；把……专注于

devote oneself to... 致力于；献身于

I don’t think we should devote any more time to persuading such a stubborn man to change his mind.

我认为我们不应该花时间去说服这么顽固的一个人改变主意。

He is so devoted to his English teaching that I admire him for his devotion.(devote)

他如此深爱他的英语教学，以至于我对他的奉献感到敬佩。

→ devoted adj.深爱的；忠诚的

As we all know，he’s a generous，devoted，active and warmhearted man.

众所周知，他是一个慷慨大方、忠诚、积极又热心的人。

be devoted to... 专心于；致力于......

He is so devoted to his English teaching that I admire him for his devotion.

他如此深爱他的英语教学，以至于我对他的奉献感到敬佩。

→ devotion n．关爱；奉献

3.supply n.供应　

supply sb with sth给某人提供某物　

supply sth to sb给某人提供某物　

be well/poorly supplied with...供应充足/缺乏　

in short supply供不应求

4.reduce vt.减少；减缩

reduce sth.to...减少到……

reduce sth.by...减少了……

reduce sb.to doing sth.使陷入更坏的境地；使沦落为......

名师点津：reduce“减少”的近义词是decrease，反义词是increase, rise(增加)。这三个词与reduce用法一样，后可接to...表示增减的结果，接by...表示增减的幅度。

Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snacks between meals and will improve the taste of food.

膳食中有足够的脂肪和盐会减少饭后吃零食的欲望，并会提高你的食欲。

It was foggy so the driver had to reduce speed to forty kilometres an hour.

由于大雾，司机不得不把速度减到每小时40千米。

If you buy more than ten, they will reduce the price by 10 percent.

如果你买10个以上，他们就会把价格降低10%。

5.permission n．许可；允许

ask for (one’s) permission请求(某人的)允许

with/without permission允许/未经允许

You’d better ask for the teacher’s permission to leave before you go.

在你走之前，你最好请求老师准许。

It’s illegal to read people’s private letters without permission．

未经允许看别人的私人信件是不合法的。

→ permit vt.允许；许可；准许 n．许可；执照；通行证；许可证

permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事

permit doing sth.允许做某事

My father permitted me to dive in the ocean to experience the underwater world.

爸爸允许我去海洋潜水，去体验一下水下世界。

We don’t permit smoking in the office as more women work here.

因为办公室女士比较多，我们不允许在办公室抽烟。

Weather permitting，we will go on a picnic this afternoon.

如果天气许可，今天下午我们去野餐。

6.majority n．大多数；大部分

in a/the majority 占大多数

by/with a majority 以多数

①majority作主语时，若侧重于整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若侧重于个体成员，谓语动词用复数形式。

②the/a majority of后跟可数名词复数形式作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数；后跟单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数

In the nursing profession，women are in a/the majority.

女性在护理行业中占大多数。

If you look at the audience at a classical concert，the majority is over the age of fifty.

如果你看一下古典音乐会的观众，(你会发现)多数是超过50岁的人。

The majority of the damage is easy to repair.

大部分损坏很容易修复。

→ major adj.主要的；重要的 vi.主修 n．主修课程；主修学生

Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too.

出生率降低也是很多发展中地区的主要问题。

→ major in... 主修……

→ minority n．少数

in the/a minority 占少数

7.remove vt.移动；搬开；消除；把……免职；撤去

remove...from...把……从……移开

remove sth.into/out of把某物搬入/搬出

remove sb.from school (学校)开除某人

remove one’s doubts/trouble消除某人的疑虑/烦恼

The busy work has removed the workers from the homesickness.

繁忙的工作缓解了工人们的思乡之情。

In order to remove his doubts，we told him all the truth.

为了消除他的疑虑，我们告诉了他所有的真相。

8.affect vt.影响；对……有影响；侵袭；感动

be affected by... 被……侵袭/感动

When I was 50，my weight problem began to affect me seriously.

当我50岁时，体重问题开始严重地影响我。

→ effect n．影响；结果；效力

in effect 实际上；在实施中，有效

come into effect 生效；开始实施

take effect 起作用

have an effect on/upon... 对……有影响

To some extent，the measure the government has taken has a great effect on/upon the remote villages.

在某种程度上，政府采取的这项措施已经对那些偏远的山村产生了极大的影响。

In effect，he didn’t like the new film at all.

实际上，他根本不喜欢这部新电影。

Do you know when the new traffic rules came into effect？

你知道新交规是什么时候生效的吗？

→ effective adj.有效果的

The government will take some effective measures to deal with it.

政府会采取一些有效的措施来处理它。

9.amount n.数量

“a large amount of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

“large amounts of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

名师点津：表示“大量的”短语还有a large number of，a great deal of，a lot of，plenty of，a large quantity of 等。

①a large number of只能修饰可数名词复数；

②a great deal of只能修饰不可数名词；

③a lot of, plenty of, a large quantity of既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。

People in disaster areas have had a large amount of help from people all over the world.

灾区人民得到了全世界人们的大量帮助。

A huge amount of money was spent on the new bridge last year.

=Huge amounts of money were spent on the new bridge last year.

去年建这座新桥花了很多钱。

→ amount to... 总计为......

The cost of the book amounted to ￡250，which is too much for me to afford.

这本书的费用共达250英镑，对我来说太贵了支付不起。

10.contribute vi.促成，造成 vt.捐献；贡献；捐助

contribute to ... 有助于......；促使......；导致......

It was his carelessness that contributed to the accident.

正是他的粗心大意造成了这起事故。

名师点津：表示“引起；导致；有助于”的词语还有cause, lead to, result in，bring about等。

contribute...to...向……捐献/捐赠……

Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes to the homeless people.

每个人都愿意为无家可归的人捐献食物和衣服。

→ contribution n．贡献；捐款

make a contribution/contributions to (doing) sth.对……作出贡献

Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some contributions to the class.

参加比赛对我来说是一次难得的展示我的舞蹈才能的好机会，并对班级作出贡献。

11.average adj.平均的；普通的 n．平均数；平均水平；一般水准

an average of ... 平均有......,后跟数词

on the average平均起来

above/below the average 在平均水平以上/以下

40 hours is a fairly average working week for most people.

对大多数人来说，一周工作40小时是相当正常的。

Men lose an average of 3－4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more.

随着年龄的增长，男士的身高平均减少3－4公分，而女士可能减少5公分或更多一些。

Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃ above the average.

去年是有史以来最暖和的一年，全球温度比平均值高出0.68摄氏度。

12.urge vt.敦促；竭力主张；强烈要求

urge sth./sb.on催促某物/某人前进

urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事

urge that ...should do sth.极力主张/强调……做某事

It is urged that ...should do sth.坚决要求……做某事。

She could hear him urging her on as she ran past.

当她跑过去时，她能听到他在为她加油。

他催促我们立刻走。

He urged us to go(go) at once.

＝He urged that we (should) go(go) at once.

13.take ...into account 把……考虑或计算在内；考虑……

We should take his health into account and then make a decision.

我们应该把他的健康状况考虑进去，然后再做决定。

on account of... 由于；因为......

on no account 决不(放在句首时句子用部分倒装)

account for... 解释或说明……的原因；总共有(占)

On no account should the soldiers be blamed for what happened.

士兵们绝对不该为所发生的事受到责备。

His illness accounts for his absence from the meeting.

他因为生病而缺席会议。

14.due to...由于……；因为

名师点津：due to可在句中作表语、定语或状语。

Due to the wrong route they took，they spent more time than expected getting to the destination.

由于选择了错误的路线，他们用了比预计多的时间到达目的地。

Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious results.

由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。

→ due adj.欠款的；预定的；到期的

be due to do sth.预定/计划做某事

be due to sb.应支付/给予/归于某人

The boat is due to arrive at 12，so remember to meet me on time.

船预计在12点到，记着准时去接我。

Thank you for delivering my goods here.Ten dollars is due to you.

多谢你把货物送到这儿，我应付你10美元。

三、重点句式

1.Some people stopped swimming in the sea,afraid of the horrible creature from the film.(教材P62)

有些人因为害怕电影里可怕的生物而停止在海里游泳。

【句式剖析】

afraid of the horrible creature from the film是形容词短语,在句中作原因状语。形容词短语作状语时,通常用来描述主语的特征或所处的状况。

The little girl was walking in the street,cold and hungry.

小姑娘在大街上走着,又冷又饿。

Long and untidy,her hair played in the breeze.

她的头发又长又乱,在微风中飘扬。

【句式拓展】

形容词短语作状语:

作用:说明主语的情况,与谓语动词无关

类型:方式状语、原因状语、伴随状语等

位置:句首、句中或句末,常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开

Sad and tired,the young man slept all day long.

这个年轻人又伤心又疲惫,睡了一整天。

2.It was an area where fishermen were finning,and the sea floor was covered with dead sharks.(教材P63)

这是一个渔民生切鱼鳍的地方,海底布满了死去的鲨鱼。

【句式剖析】

where fishermen were finning是定语从句,修饰area。一般而言,where在定语从句中用来指代地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词,where在从句中充当地点状语。

【句式拓展】

(1)where引导的定语从句通常可用“介词+which”替换,其中的介词根据先行词或定语从句中谓语动词来决定。

(2)当先行词是point,situation,case,occasion等抽象名词时,其后常用where引导定语从句,分别相当于at which,in which,in which和on which。

(3)from后可以接where,构成from where结构,其中的where可以看作是名词,也可当作关系代词。

(4)where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别:where引导定语从句时,where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where引导的从句修饰先行词;where引导状语从句时,where是从属连词,where引导的从句修

饰主句的谓语动词,where前面没有表示地点的先行词。

This is the farm where / on which they used to live.

这是他们过去住过的农场。

Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her.

她的病已发展到没人能治的地步。

3.The less energy you use,the less carbon dioxide is released.(教材P66)

你使用的能量越少,二氧化碳的释放就越少。

【句式剖析】

“The+比较级...,the+比较级...”意为“越……就越……”,第一个“The+比较级”是表示条件的状语从句(在表示将来意义时,从句用一般现在时表示将来);第二个“the+比较级”是主句。

The more you speak English,the better your English will become.

你说英语越多,你的英语水平就会越高。

【句式拓展】(1)“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more+原级”表示“越来越……”。

Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive.

假期的机票越来越便宜了。

(2)“the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词”,表示“(两者中)较……的”。

Of the two cameras,I would prefer the smaller one,which is very easy for me to carry.

这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它容易携带。

4.However,making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water.(教材P68)

然而,制造一个纸袋所需的能量是制造一个塑料袋的四倍,所需的水是制造一个塑料袋的三倍。

【句式剖析】

four times as much energy as...是“倍数+as+原级+as”结构,是英语倍数的一种表示方法。

【句式拓展】

(1)“倍数+比较级+than”

The hall is five times bigger than our classroom.

这个大厅的面积比我们教室大五倍。

(2)“倍数+the size/length+of+其他”

The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.

新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。

(3)“倍数+what从句”

The production is now three times what it was ten years ago.

现在的产量是十年前的三倍。

The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.

这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。

(4)“计量名词+of+名词+be+倍数+that+of”

The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth.

太阳的体积比地球的体积大一百万倍。

The depth of this river is three times that of Wenhe River.

这条河的深度是汶河的三倍。

5.In 1980，Benchley was diving when he came across an awful sight.

在1980年，本奇正在潜水，这时他遇到了一个可怕的场景。

【考点归纳】

be doing sth.when...正在做某事这时突然……。when为并列连词，相当于and just at that time。

be about to do...when ...正要做……这时……

be on the point of doing...when...正要做……这时……

had just done...when...刚刚做完……这时……

【例句】

①I was walking along the street when I heard my name called.

我正在街上走着，突然听到有人叫我的名字。

②I was on the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.

我正要给他打电话，这时他的信到了。

【对接高考】•单句语法填空

①We were about to start when it began to rain.

我们正要动身，这时突然下起雨来。

②I had just finished（finish） my test paper when the bell rang，announcing the exam was over.

我刚完成试卷这时宣告考试结束的铃声响了。

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