考点一  动词不定式

动词不定式的构成： to＋动词原形。它没有人称和数的变化。

1．作主语[常用it作形式主语、将真正的主语(动词不定式)置于句末。]

To ask the teacher for help is necessary.

＝It is necessary to ask the teacher for help.

　向老师求教是必要的。

2．作宾语

(1)后接不定式作宾语的动词有： want, try, decide, hope, need, wish, agree, expect, refuse, learn，remember,forget, would like/love等。如：

I hope to go there before dark.

　我希望天黑以前到那儿。

(2)在think, find, make等动词后通常用it作形式宾语，而把不定式移至形容词之后，构成“主语＋动词＋it(形式宾语)＋宾补(形容词/名词)＋不定式”结构。如：

I found it difficult to solvethe problem.

　我发现解决这个问题很难。

3．作宾语补足语

(1)后面能接带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：tell，ask，allow，want，help，wish，teach，warn，invite，like，encourage等。如：

The teacher told us to do Exercise1.

　老师要我们做练习一。

(2)有些动词后要用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。但是，当上述动词变为被动语态后，其后的不定式必须补上to。

那么能接省略to 的不定式做宾补的动词有：

三使：have, make, let

四看：look at, see, watch, notice

二听：listen to, hear

一发现：find

一感觉：feel

如：We often hear her sing. 我们经常听见她唱歌。

　被动语态： She is often heard to sing.

4．作状语( 表目的)

I get up early to catch the early bus.

　后来他离开家到不同的城市工作。

5．作定语(须后置)

（1）　不定式和所修饰的词构成动宾关系。

I have a lot of clothes to wash.

其中不定式to wash 和clothes 构成动宾关系。（

（2）如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则其后要加上相应的介词。

I have no room to live in.

若所修饰的名词是time, place, way时，通常省略。

We are looking for a place to live.

6．作表语

Their duty is to look after theanimals.

　他们的职责是照看动物。

7. “疑问词＋不定式”结构

　动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, when, where, how等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。如：

He doesn't know what to wear.

　他不知道要穿什么。(作宾语)

Where to go has not been decided.

　要去哪里还未决定。(作主语)

[注意] 动词不定式的否定结构是： not to do sth。

 

被动语态

一．语 态 分 类

英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

  They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)

A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)

二．被动语态谓语部分构成

助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。

三．被动语态的各种时态

一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。为了能准确地运用被动语态，重点是要掌握be动词的各种时态变化。各种时态的被动语态举例如下：

1、一般现在时的被动语态. am / is / are + 动词的过去分词

Our classroom is cleaned every day.

This car is made in China.

2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词

His desk was cleaned just now.

The station was built in 1928.

3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词

A new factory is being built in our city now.

Some trees are being cut down in the park.

4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词

A new factory was being built in our city at that time.

Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.

5、一般将来时的被动语态:

(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词

(B) am / is/ are + going to be +动词的过去分词.

Some new factories will be built in our city this year.

Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.

6、过去将来时的被动语态:

(1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词

(2).was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.

She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.

He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.

        7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词

Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.

Your watch has been mended already.

四． 含有情态动词的被动语态：

     含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。

  (1)You must hand in your compositions（作文） after class.

Your compositions must be handed in after class.

五．不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。

一些不及物动词短语也没有被动语如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。

  The fire broke out in the capital building.

误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.

六．感官动词作系动词用,无被动语态

The cake smells nice.

 

 

主动语态改被动语态的方法

一．三步骤

1．把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

2．把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的“be＋过去分词”结构；时态要与原句保持一致。

3．将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。

二．含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：
1. 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；

He gave the boy anapple．

→The boy was givenan apple．
2. 把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。

He gave the boy anapple．

→An apple wasgiven to the boy．

Her father bought hera present．

→ A present wasbought for her by her father.

(注：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：

      bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。

下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：

  build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。）

三． 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。

We call him Xiao Wang．

→He is called XiaoWang．

He cut his hair short．

→His hair was cutshort．

They told him to helpme．

四．在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to。

    We often hear him play the guitar.

→He is often heard to play the guitar.

They watched thechildren sing that morning．

→The children werewatched to sing that morning

 

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