【高考英语】语法系列之倒装（附习题）

 

一、倒装

英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为类，一是部分倒装，二是完全倒装。前者指主语和助动词倒置，后者指主语和谓语完全倒置。

 

二、部分倒装

 

1. 含有否定意义的副词位于句首时的倒装

 

在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装：

I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。

He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。

She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。

He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。

We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。

注：(1) 对于not…until句型，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：

He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。

(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装：

On no accounts must this switch be touched.这个开关是绝 不能触摸的。

In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。

但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序：

In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。

 

2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装

 

 

当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序：

Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。

Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。

 

3.“so+形容词或副词”位于句首时的倒装

 

副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。

 

4.“So+助动词+主语”倒装

 

当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：

You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。

She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。

注：(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：

You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。

She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。

(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别：

"It was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”

"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”

 

5. 由not only…but also引出的倒装

 

当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：

Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。

 

6. 虚拟条件句省略if后构成的倒装

 

当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：

Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。

Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。

注：省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词：

Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。

 

三、 完全倒装

 

完全倒装的基本形式是“谓语+主语”，主要见于以下情况：

 

1. here 和there位于句首时的倒装

 

表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词：

Here’s Tom. 汤姆在这里。

There’s Jim. 吉姆在那儿。

注：(1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。

(2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装：

Here I am. 我在这儿。/我来了。

Here it comes. 它来了。

(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：

There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。

Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。

 

2. away和down等位于句首时的倒装

 

地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词：

Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。

Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。

The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。

Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。

注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装：

Away he went. 他跑远了。

Down it came. 它掉了下来。

 

3. 某些状语或表语位于句首时的倒装

 

为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装：

Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。

By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。

注：在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：

In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。

In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。

 

4. 现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首的倒装

 

有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装：

Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。

Standing beside the table was his wife.. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。

To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。

 

小试身手：

1. Only in this way ______ progress in your English.

A. you make                                             B. you be able to make

C. can you make                                     

D. will you able to make

2. I’m quite willing to help and ______ the others.

A. so are the others                                    B. the others are so

C. so do the others                                     D.  the others do

3. This is your work. In no case ______ to leave your post.

A. are you  B. you are               

C. can you  D. you can

4. Not until recently ______ any idea what a guided missile was like.

A. could I have  B. had I                   

C. I had         D. did I have

5. So ______ that even the people in the next room could hear him.

A. loudly he spoke                                   

B. he spoke loudly

C. loudly did he speak                                  D. loudly spoke did he

6. Only when one loses freedom ______ its value.

A. does one know                                     

B. one does know

C. does know one                                     

D. know one does

7. ______ their support，we’d be in a very difficult position.

A. It were not for     

B. Were it not for     

C. Not for it             

D. If it were not

8. He never went to see her again, ______ write to apologize.

A. nor did he write   

B. nor he did write   

C. he did write         

D. nor he wrote

9. ______ to sleep than the telephone rang once again.

A. No sooner had he gone                         

B. No sooner did he go

C. He no sooner went                               

D. He had gone no sooner

10. He is really beautiful, and _______ when she had children.

A. so was her mother                               

B. so is her mother

C. her mother was so                               

D. her mother is so

 

 

答案：1—5 CAADC  6—10 ABAAA

 

 

 

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