1

概念

虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。

如：If I were you,I should study English.如果我是你，我就学英语了。

May you succeed!祝您成功！

 

2

虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

 

 

条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。

 

⒈ 真实条件句

如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。

如：If it doesn't rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

 

 ⒉ 虚拟条件句

如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。

如：If he had seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。（事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。）

 

⒊ 错综时间条件句

当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。

如：If you had followed my advice just now you would be better now.

If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.

 

⒋ if省略句

在条件句中可以省略if，把were,had,should提到句首，变成倒装句式。

如：If I were at school again,I would study harder.

→Were I at school again,I would study harder.如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。

If you had come earlier,you would catch the bus.

→Had you come earlier,you would catch the bus.如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。

If it should rain tomorrow we sould not go climbing.

→Should it rain tomorros iwe would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。

 

⒌ 用介词代替条件状语从句

常用的介词有with,without，but for。

如：What would you do with a million dollars?(=if you had a nillion dollars)如果你有100万元，你会做什么？

We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help(=if we hadn't got your help)没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。

Without your help we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.

=But for your help,…

=If it had not been for your help,…

=Had it not been for you help,…

没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。

 

⒍ 含蓄条件句

有时在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。

如：I was ill that day.Otherwise, would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词）

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.(连词）

A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.(定语从句）

I might hawe given you nore help,but I was too busy.(连词）

Everything taken into consideration they would have rai sed their output quickly.(独立主格结构)

 

 情态动词和虚拟语气

 

I.单项填空

1.【2019·江苏】31.What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together.

A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光的。根据上文，可知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选C。

 

2.【2019·天津】14.The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ____________ the task in half the time.

A. accomplished B. had accomplished

C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选D。

 

3.【2018·北京】12. In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.

A. need       B. should       C. can       D. must

【答案】C

【解析】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。

 

4.【2018·北京】13. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.

A. drove      B. would drive      C. were to drive     D. had driven

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if ____ a few more kilometers是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态，故D选项正确。

 

5.【2018·天津】15. If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach

A. had caught  B. caught  C. have caught  D. would catch

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语yesterday可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，故用had + v-ed。故选A。

 

7.【2018·江苏】27. There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I  _______ a second chance to become more involved.

A. had  B. will have  C. would have had  D. have had

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。

 

8.【2018·江苏】24. It’s strange that he _______ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.

A. would   B. should   C. could   D. might

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It is important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。故选B。

 

9.【2017·北京卷】21. Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ______ easily reach the books on the top shelf.

A. must   B. should   C. can   D. need

【答案】C

【解析】A. must 必须  B. should 应该  C. can 能  D. need 需要。句意:Samuel，我班最高的男生，能很轻松地够着书架顶上的书，此处需要一个表示能力的词，故用can，答案为C。

 

10.【2017·北京卷】34. If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.

A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put

【答案】A

试题分析：句意：如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，所以从句谓语用had done形式，此外根据句意可知是被动，用被动语态，故A项是正确的。

 

11.【2017·江苏卷】22. _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.

A. It were         B. Were it         C. It was       D. Was it

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。虚拟语气中，be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省

略，同时把were/should/had提前，即Were /Should/ Had I...，故选B。句意：要不是老师们的支持，该生是无法克服她自己的困难的。

 

12.【2017·天津卷】2. My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.

A.  daren’t    B. shouldn’t   C. needn’t    D. mustn’t

【答案】C

【解析】 句意：我的房间很乱，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫，我可以明天早晨再打扫。A.不敢；B.不应该；C不需要；D.不许。根据句意，故选C。

 

13.【2017·天津卷】15. —Do you have Betty’s phone number?

—Yes. Otherwise, I ______able to reach her yesterday.

A. hadn’t been  B. wouldn’t have been   

C. weren’t  D. wouldn’t be

【答案】B

【解析】句意：--你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？--有。否则我昨天就联系不到她了。，根据标志词otherwise，否则相当于一个条件状语从句：If I hadn't have her phone number，即对过去的虚拟的条件状语从句，可以判断出主句用wouldn't have done表示对过去情况的虚拟，故选B。

 

14.【2016·北京】31. I love the weekend, because I ________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.

A. needn’t  B. mustn’t   C. wouldn’t  D. shouldn’t

【答案】A

【解析】题目考查情态动词。句意：我喜欢周末，因为周六和周日我不需要早起。A. needn’t不需要；B. mustn’t禁止；C. wouldn’t不愿；D. shouldn’t不应该。根据句意可知，周六、周日不用早起，故选A。

 

15.【2016·北京】34. Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________ me, I could have helped.

A. told  B. had told  C. were to tell  D. would tell

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：你上周为什么没有告诉我你遇到的麻烦？如果你告诉我的话，我就可以帮你了。根据第一句可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故选B。

 

16.【2016·江苏】27.If it for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.

A. had not been B. should not be 

C. were not to be D. should not have been

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。本句属于错综条件句的虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反，所以使用过去完成时，主句表示与现在事实相反，所以使用“情态动词+动词原形”。句意：如果不是因为前几天他的邀请，我现在就不会在这里了。故A正确。

 

17.【2016·天津】5. It was really annoying; I _____ get access to the data bank you had recommended.

A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t

【答案】B

【解析】句意：这真是令人生气的；我不能进入你推荐的数据库。wouldn’t不愿意；couldn’t不能；shouldn’t不应该；needn’t不必。故选B。

 

18.【2016·天津】15. I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I ____.

  A. were injured   B. would be injured

  C. had been injured  D. would have been injured

【答案】D

【解析】句意：我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。使用虚拟语气，根据if条件句用的had done，可知，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟，而且I和injure是被动关系。故选D。

 

19.【2016·浙江】15. Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.

A. had not fallen B. would not fall          

C. did not fall D. would not have fallen

【答案】D

【解析】句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。使用虚拟语气， if条件句用的had done，而且省略it，将had提前，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟。故选D。

 

20.【2016·浙江】17. George _________ too far . His coffee is still warm .

A. must have gone B. might have gone        

C. can't have gone D. needn't have gone

【答案】C

【解析】乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can’t have done是对过去的否定推测；must have done过去一定做了某事；might have done过去可能做了某事；needn’t have done过去本不必做某事。故选C。

 

21.【2015·北京】34. If I _____it with my own eyes ,I wouldn’t have believed it.

A . didn’t see B. weren’t seeing 

C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen

【答案】D

【解析】句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。根据后半句wouldn’t have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句是if+主语+ had+done的形式。故选D。

 

22.【2015·重庆】7. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

A. didn’t write        B. hadn’t written  

C. wouldn’t write       D. wouldn’t have written

【答案】D                

【解析】句意：没有他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说永别了武器。根据without his wartime experience没有战时的经历，可知表示对于过去的否定猜测，故主句用would have done，因此选D项。      

   

23.【2015·重庆】12. You ____ be Carol. You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.

A. must          B. can            C. will          D. shall

【答案】A                

【解析】句意：你肯定是卡罗，这些年你一点也没有变化。must表示对现在的肯定推测。故选A。       

 

24.【2015·浙江】4.  It was so noisy that we       hear ourselves speak.

A. couldn’t  B. shouldn’t  C. mustn’t  D needn’t

【答案】A

【解析】句意：太吵了，以致我们不能够听到我们在说什么？A的意思是不能，B的意思是不应该，C的意思是禁止，D的意思是不需要。该题用到了一个so +形容词+ that的句式，做题时应该正确理解句意及这个句式的用法。正确理解这是表达不能还是表达其他的东西。must只能用于肯定句，用于否定句表示禁止，这一点尤其要注意因为往往会出错。如果表示一种可能往往是can 的形式（过去时态使用could）

 

25.【2015·天津】7.  I ______ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.

A. mightn’t   B. mustn’t   C. needn’t  D. couldn’t

【答案】C

【解析】句意：我来新学校之前本没有必要担心，因为在这里我的同学对我非常友好。needn’t have done本没有必要做某事，表示实际上已经做了某事。根据句意可知选C。

 

26.【2015·天津】13.  I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.

A. will be   B. would be   C. have been  D. had been

【答案】D

【解析】句意：上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼，但那时我在纽约出差。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had + 过去分词。根据句意可知选D。

 

27.【2015·四川】2.You _____be careful with the camera. It costs!

A .must     B. may     C. can     D. will

【答案】A

【解析】考查情态动词。根据下文的it costs可知，照相机很昂贵，故选择A，意为：你一定要非常小心对待照相机，它很昂贵。

 

28.【2015·陕西】21. You          feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it.

A. should     B. need    C. shall    D. may

【答案】D

【解析】句意：你可能觉得所有的训练都是浪费时间，但是我有100%的把握你以后会感激它的。should应该；need需要；shall将会；may（不确定）可能。所以选D。

 

29.【2015·陕西】23. Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I          as well as her.

A. dance     B. will dance    C. had danced    D. danced

【答案】C

【解析】句意：Ellen是一个很棒的舞蹈演员。但愿我能和她跳得一样好。I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气，和现在相反用一般过去时，所以选C。

 

30.【2015·福建】27.—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.

—Oh, it's too bad. You have made full preparations.

A. must B. can C. would D. should

【答案】D.

【解析】考查情态动词+have done结构。A.must必须B.can可以；C.would将会；D.should应该。这里是情态+have done的结构的虚拟语气，can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”；could+have+done，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做；must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句；should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。该对话意思为：--对不起，妈妈，我面试又失败了----噢，那太糟糕了，你应该做好充分准备的。故选D

 

II.语法填空

1. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might        (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.

【答案】be made

【解析】考查情态动词表推测。be made　根据语境可知，筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的被动语态might be done。

 

2．When I was small, my mom ________ read me stories at night．

【答案】would　

【解析】句意：当我小时候，我母亲常常在晚上给我读故事。would “过去常常”，表示过去的习惯性的行为。

 

3．The accident ________ have been caused by a dog running across the road, but we don't know for sure．

【答案】might　

【解析】句意：事故可能是由一条横穿马路的狗引起的，但我们不确定。分析句子可知，本句是对过去动作的推测，可能性不大，故填might。

 

4．He looked so hungry as though he ________ (eat) a decent meal for a month．

【答案】hadn't eaten　

【解析】句意：他看起来如此饿好像已有一个月没有吃过一顿像样的饭了。由主句中的looked可知，as if/though后面跟过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。

 

5．I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise, I ________ (keep) you waiting for such a long time．

【答案】wouldn't have kept　

【解析】句意：我在交通堵塞中被困了一个多小时，否则我不会让你等这么长时间。句中用了虚拟语气，otherwise说明的从句内容和过去事实相反，指如果不被交通阻塞困住，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might ＋have＋过去分词”形式。

 

6．Although passing the driving test ________ be difficult now, it's worth the efforts．

【答案】can　

【解析】句意：虽然现在通过驾驶考试可能是困难的，但付出的努力是值得的。此处用can表示有时可能会，故填can。

 

7．My mother ________ (be) angry with me, but I couldn't shut my mouth before I shouted at her!

【答案】wouldn't have been　

【解析】句意：我母亲本来不会对我生气的，但在我对她大叫之前，我不能闭上嘴！wouldn't have done “本来不会做某事”。

 

8．I'm not sure of the reason for the dog's illness, but it ________ (cause) by eating too much．

【答案】may have been caused　

【解析】句意：我不能肯定狗生病的原因，但它也许是因为吃得太多了。根据前句“I'm not sure of the reason for the dog's illness”可知，这里为不肯定的推测，故用may have done “可能做某事”；由于dog's illness与cause之间为被动关系，故答案为may have been caused。

 

9．—Can I pay the bill by check?

—Sorry, sir． But it is the rule of our hotel that payment ________ be made in cash．

【答案】shall　

【解析】句意：——我可以用支票付账吗？——对不起，先生。但这是我们酒店的规定，应当以现金付款。shall可以在法律条文、规章制度中表示规定或义务等，此处是旅馆的规定。

 

10．Passengers ________ talk to the driver while the bus is moving, because it will take his focus off the road．

【答案】mustn't　

【解析】句意：当公共汽车开动时，乘客不得与司机交谈，因为这将把他的注意力从路上转移开来。此处表示“禁止，不允许”，故用mustn't。

 

III.短文改错

1.（2018全国II卷）As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.                                               

【答案】去掉not后的to

【解析】考查情态动词。would是情态动词，表意愿，后需跟动词原形，故to多余。They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.

 

2.【2016·全国新课标II】Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.

【答案】删除can或can改为should

【解析】考查虚拟语气。动词suggest作为建议的时候，后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气“(should)+动词原形”,所以本句可以删除can或can改为should。

 

3．He mustn't be a basketball player, because he is much too short．

【答案】mustn't→can't　

【解析】句意：他不可能是一个篮球运动员，因为他个子矮。表示不可能，应该是can't，表示否定的推测，而mustn't表示“禁止”。

 

4．Robert's new book about space exploration is fantastic． You simply could read it．

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【答案】could→must　

【解析】句意：罗伯特写的关于太空探索的新书太好了，你一定要读一读。根据句意可知应用must，故将could改为must。

 

5．Has he learnt about computer, we would have hired him to work here．

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【答案】Has→Had　

【解析】句意：如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们就聘用他来这里工作了。当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had置于句首。

 

6．If we  booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue．

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【答案】booked前加had　

【解析】句意：如果早一点定位子的话，现在我们就不用站在这里排队了。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故在booked前加had。

 

7．All of us love the weekends, because we can't get up early on Saturdays and Sundays．

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【答案】can't→needn't　

【解析】根据语境，表示不必，而不是不能，故将can't改为needn't。

 

8．He might have gone to bed, for the light was out．

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【答案】might→must　

【解析】句意：他一定已经上床睡觉了，因为灯已经灭了。must have done表示对过去已经发生的事情的肯定推测。might have done “可能做过某事”，表示对过去已经发生的事情把握不大的推测。

 

9．He commanded that roads built to link castles across the land．

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【答案】built前加(should) be　

【解析】command后面的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，且roads和build之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故在built前加(should) be。

 

10．We must go to the concert tonight, but we are not sure yet．

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【答案】must→may　

 

 

 

【解析】句意：我们今天晚上有可能去听音乐会，但是还不确定。must表示肯定的猜测，而may “可能会”表示把握不大的推测。

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