备战2021中高考英语动词时态语态精讲精练含答案

　　动词时态语态

　　一、考点分析

　　主要考点：

　　考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。

　　解题注意事项：

　　语境中的时态和语态具有灵活多变的特点，因此找出隐含于上下文中的时间信息，正确认定动作行为所发生的时间是解题的关键。做动词时态和语态题时，常常按以下几个步骤：

　　(1)注意题干所提供的信息，如语境、情景以及说话人的情感;

　　(2)根据句中的时间状语以及一些副词判断时态;

　　(3)考虑语态;

　　(4)考虑时态的一致性。

　　(5)涉及到短暂性动词与延续性动词，这两个概念一定要搞清。短暂性动词用于进行时态和完成时态都要受到限制。

　　二、专题详解

　　时态

　　高中英语12种时态

　　一般时完成时进行时完成进行时

　　一般现在时现在完成时现在进行时现在完成进行时

　　一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去完成进行时

　　一般将来时将来完成时将来进行时将来完成进行时

　　一般现在时

　　基本用法：

　　1.表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。always, usually, every morning/night, often, sometimes,occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly, ever, never.

　　They usually come to school earlier.

　　2.表示客观事实、客观存在、普遍真理

　　The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

　　3.表示具备的特征、性格、能力、状态。

　　She is a doctor.

　　4.在某些以在剧本、解说、标题或here, there开头的句子中,用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作

　　There goes the bell/Here comes Mr. Wang. Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming

　　5.表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。

　　★：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

　　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.

　　6.表说话时状态和感觉或结果的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时,只用一般现在时,而不用进行时态。

　　感官动词: hear，see，taste， notice ，smell，feel

　　表占有: belong，have(拥有)，want，own，possess

　　表存在状态/持续： look，owe，be (is，am，are，)seem，remain, suppose…

　　表心理状态： feel，want，prefer，wish，believe，know，mean，realize，think，remember表示态度感情的动词: like， dislike， love， hate，fear， agree， believe， heat， care ， forget，mind， understand，

　　◇I hear someone singing.我正听见有人唱歌。

　　在一些情况下，一般现在时能用来表示将来时。

　　1、表示按规定、计划将要发生的事、已确定或安排好的事情，用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。

　　这类用法限于表示“移动”的谓语动词：go去，come来，leave离开，start出发，begin开始，arrive到达，take off起飞，return，live，fly，return，open，close 等短暂谓语动词

　　He starts next week.　　他下个星期出发。

　　We leave very soon.　　我们很快就离开。

　　The train starts at 10 o'clock in the morning.　　火车将在早上10点开出。

　　When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.

　　The plane takes off at 11:30. (不受主观支配的计划)

　　2、在时间、条件等状语从句中，一般要用一般现在时表示将来，而不用一般将来时

　　When he comes, we’ll go out to meet him.

　　3、谓语动词是 hope，take care that，make sure that 等后的宾语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。

　　I hope they have a nice time next week.

　　巩固练习：

　　1、—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.

　　A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken

　　2、Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He to have been praised by the manager just now.

　　A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming

　　3、Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ______ evening dress.

　　A. wear B. wears C. has worn D. have worn

　　4、Every few years, the coal workers ______ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.

　　A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had

　　5、According to the literary review, Shakespeare ________his charities live through their language in his plays.

　　A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes

　　6、My parents have promised to come to see me before I _______ for Africa.

　　A. have left B. leave C. left D. will leave

　　一般过去时

　　基本用法

　　1. 一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生，也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。一般不强调动作的影响，只说明的事情。

　　He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up.

　　2. 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如：yesterday，last week ，in the past ，in 1993，at that time，once，during the war，before，a few days ago，when 等等.

　　I had a word with Julia this morning.

　　3. 表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时。此时，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。

　　The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died.

　　4. 表示在此之前一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always，never等连用。

　　Tom always carried an umbrella.

　　Tom过去老是带着一把伞。(只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在常带着伞。)

　　5. 如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to do(过去常常做，而不那样做了)

　　He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。(意味着他不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)

　　I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着不在早晨散步了)

　　6. 有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时。

　　I didn’t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。

　　(因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.)

　　I thought you were ill. (这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是我现在知道你没病)

　　巩固练习：

　　1、If you don't like the drink you just leave it and try a different one.

　　A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered

　　2、——That must have been a long trip.

　　——Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.

　　A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking

　　3、——Bob has gone to California.

　　——Oh, can you tell me when he ?

　　A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave

　　4、I was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it _______.

　　A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened

　　5、— The food here is nice enough.

　　— My friend ______ me a right place.

　　A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing

　　6、—I’ve got to go now.

　　—Must you? I ______you could stay for dinner with us.

　　A. think B. thought C. have thought D. am thinking

　　一般将来时

　　基本用法

　　常与表示将来的时间连用this afternoon/Sunday/evening;from now on;one day，someday (未来的)某天;soon;

　　(1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。

　　I will(shall) arrive tomorrow.我明天到。(主语是第一人称时最好用shall)

　　“助动词will或shall+动词原形”，表示将来发生的事情，用于征求对方的意见或表示客气的邀请。在口语中will用于所有人称，书面语中第一人称常用shall。如：

　　The rain will stop soon. 雨很快就要停了。

　　Shall we go there at five? 我们五点钟去那儿?

　　注意：will和shall在句子中所表达的“意志”是不同的，当句子主语是第一人称(I)的时候表示的是主语 I 的自主“意志”。

　　如：I will be clear tomorrow .我会把这件事弄个水落石出。

　　分析：这个句子中用will时，主语 I(我) 就带有强烈的意志，意思是我想让事情水落石出，并且有我会为此付诸努力的意思。当第一人称，用shall的时候就是一个普通的句子，就没有主语的意志。

　　I shall come back in ten minutes .这句话就是单纯的说我会在10分钟后回来没有别的意思

　　I will come back in ten minutes. 而这句话就有一种意境上的不同。我会在10分钟后回来，其中的意思还有，就算我有事耽搁了我也会想办法在10分钟后回来的意思

　　(2)在以第一人称I或we作主语的疑问句中，一般使用助动词shall，这时或是征求对方的意见，或是询问一个情况：

　　a. Where shall we meet?

　　b. Shall we have any classes tomorrow?

　　(3)在一般将来时的句子中，有时有表示将来时间的状语，有时没有时间状语，要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。

　　Will she come? 她(会)来吗?

　　(4)be going to+ 动词原形，表示事先考虑过的将要发生的动作、已有迹象表明必将要发生的某事，意为“打算;就要”。

　　a.表示计划、打算、准备做的事。例如：

　　We are going to put up a building here.我们打算在这里盖一座楼。

　　How are you going to spend your holidays? 假期你准备怎样过?

　　b.表示即将发生或肯定要发生的事。

　　I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪了。

　　will与be going to 的区别

　　1. be going to 表示近期、将要发生的事情，will表示的将来的时间则较远一些，如：

　　He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.

　　2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。

　　He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.

　　3. be going to 含有“计划，准备”的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思，如：

　　She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.

　　4.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to，而多用will，如：

　　If any beasts comes at you， I'll stay with you and help you

　　注意:be going to和will在含义和用法上稍有不同。be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will多表示意愿，决心。两者有时不能互换。如：

　　She is studying hard and is going to try for the exams.她正努力学习并尝试参加考试。

　　(is going to不能用will替换)

　　(5)表示位置转移的动词go， come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay， get，live，fly，等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作(行进式动词)。(互参现在进行时用法)

　　Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了。

　　I'm leaving for Beijing.

　　(6)be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见或受人指示而做某事。

　　Are we to go on with this work? 我们继续干吗?

　　(7)“be about to+动词原形” ：立刻，马上作某事，不能与tomorrow，next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。后面一般不跟时间状语，常跟when从句于连用。

　　They're about to leave. (=They're leaving.) 他们就要走了。

　　(8) 表示按规定、计划将要发生的事、已确定或安排好的事情，用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。

　　The train starts at 10 o'clock in the morning.　　火车将在早上10点开出。

　　巩固练习：

　　1、If their marketing plans succeed, they________ their sales by 20 percent.

　　A. will increase B. have been increasing C. have increased D. would be increasing

　　2、—How can I apply for an online course??

　　—Just fill out this form and we ________what we can do for you.

　　A. see B. are seeing C. have seen D. will see

　　3、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane________.

　　A. takes off B.is taking off C. has taken off D. took off

　　4、--- Do you think Mom and Dad late?

　　--- No, Swiss Air is usually on time.

　　A. were B. will be C. would be D. have been

　　5、I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he________ home for dinner.?

　　A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come

　　6、Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026________off at 18:20.?

　　A. takes B. took? C. will be taken D. has taken

　　现在进行时

　　基本用法

　　现在或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作或存在的状态，表示动作发生的时间是“现在”，动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。所谓“正在进行中”，是指在谈到这件事的时候，这个动作还在进行中。至于它是什么时候开始的，什么时候会停下来，不是我们关心的。所以“正在进行时”的事件，可能发生几年了，也可能只有几分钟。仍在进行中这是“正在进行时”的关键所在。它是一件持续进行的事情。

　　A、表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。

　　1、常用now，this week，at this moment，right now，Be quiet!/Don't talk，或一个准确的现在时间。

　　They are playing basketball now.

　　他们正在打篮球。

　　We're far from home. What are parents doing at the moment?

　　我们现在远离家，我们的父母此刻在干什么呢?

　　2、描述图片中的人物的动作，也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如：

　　Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park看图，那些孩子正在公园放风筝。

　　3、表示眼前刚过去的语意即“话音刚落”，适用于tell，say，talk，discuss ….

　　You don’t believe it You know I’m telling the truth

　　B、表示某一段时间(these days，this week，this month)如果句子所要表达的意义是在这一阶段正在发生的事、正在进行的动作，说话时未必正在进行，则动词应用现在进行时。

　　Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

　　C、有些动词用现在进行时，表示将要发生的事、主观打算，而不表示动作现在正在进行。这些动词是表示位置移动变化的动词，趋向动词如：

　　go，come，leave，fly，move，start，begin，arrive，stay，get，do，have，meet，play，return，see，spend，stay，wear，work、return 等。

　　How long are you staying here ?(准备停留)

　　D、或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。

　　The little boy is always making trouble.

　　巩固练习：

　　1、——I hear you in a pub. What’s it like?

　　——Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.

　　A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working

　　2、That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who the piano upstairs?

　　A. has played B. played C. plays D. is playing

　　3、I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I .

　　A. was doing B. am doing C. have done D. had been doing

　　4、--I’m not finished with my dinner yet.

　　--But our friends ________for us.

　　A. will wait B. wait C. have waited D. are waiting

　　5、Hurry up! Mark and Carl us.

　　A. expect B. are expecting C. have expected D. will expect

　　6、The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers one of the main pipes.

　　A. had repaired B. have repaired C. repaired D. are repairing

　　过去进行时

　　基本用法

　　一、过去进行时表示在过去某一点或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。如汉语说“我进来时他正在吃饭”，如果“进来”发生在过去，那么“正在吃饭”显然就是过去某时正在进行的动作——也就是说，“进来”用一般过去时，“正在吃饭”就要用过去进行时常与last night， last Saturday his morning，the whole morning，all day，yesterday ， at that time，或者与when，while，as引导的过去时间状语连用。

　　It was raining when they left the station;

　　二、即表示在过去短期内正在进行的动作或存在的临时情况，这种情况通常不会长期如此。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。

　　It happened while I was living in Paris last year.

　　三、在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。

　　While he was waiting for the bus，he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。(两个动作都是延续的)

　　He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)

　　四、通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：请和一般现在时相关语法比较

　　感官动词： hear，see，notice，feel， notice，taste，smell，……

　　表示态度感情的动词：like，dislike，love，hate，fear，agree，believe，heat，care，forget，mind，understand

　　表占有： belong， have(拥有)own， want， possess……

　　表心理状态：feel，want，prefe， wish， believe，know，mean，realize，think，remember

　　表存在状态和持续：look，owe，be(is，am，are，)seem， suppose……

　　例：误：I was knowing the answer.正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。

　　误：I wasn‘t understanding him 正：I didn‘t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。

　　五、表示重复：与always, constantly, continually, forever等表示动作屡次发生的副词连用，强调动作的不断重复，表示感情色彩

　　She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。

　　She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。

　　特殊用法

　　1、当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时

　　We listened carefully when the teacher read the text. 老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。

　　2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。come，go，leave，start，arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，可用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。如：He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。

　　3、表示故事发生的背景。

　　It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front. 那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。

　　4、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意。

　　I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。

　　5、用来陈述原因或用作借口。

　　She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.

　　她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。

　　巩固练习

　　1、—Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?

　　—No, I ______ my homework all day yesterday.

　　A. was doing B. would do C. has done D. do

　　2、I walked slowly through the market, where people ________all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.

　　A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold

　　3、—Did you watch the basketball match yesterday??

　　—Yes, I did. You know, my brother ______in the match.

　　A.is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played

　　4、I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother ________on the phone all the time!

　　A. was talking B. has been talking? C. has talked D. talked

　　5、We very early so we packed the night before.

　　A. leave B. had left C. were leaving D. have left

　　6、Jim a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.

　　A. watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would be watching

　　将来进行时

　　表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。一般用延续性动词表示。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求或期待等。

　　This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

　　将来进行时常用的时间状语有soon， this evening，on Sunday， by this time，tomorrow， in two days， tomorrow evening等等。它表示的是一种客观的制约约束，而不是主观意愿。

　　By this time tomorrow， I'll be lying on the beach.

　　基本用法

　　将来进行时是由"shall/will + be + 现在分词"构成的

　　(1)表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。

　　When he comes to my house tomorrow， I will be writing the report.

　　The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部长将就国际事务发表演讲。

　　(2)表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。

　　I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.

　　(3)表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测，并非人为安排.:

　　After you take the medicine， you will be feeling much better.服药之后，你会感觉好得多。

　　(4)表示委婉的请求:

　　When shall we be meeting again?

　　(5)表示原因:

　　Please come tomorrow afternoon，I'll be having a meeting tomorrow morning.

　　请你明天下午来吧，明天上午我有一个会议。

　　(6)表示结果 :

　　Stop the child or he will be falling over.制止那孩子，要不他会掉下去。

　　(7)表示对将来的打算(区别于对将来的预测)

　　My duties will be ending in July ， and I'll be returning to ShangHai.

　　我的工作将在七月结束，我会回上海。

　　巩固练习

　　1、–Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.

　　--How nice! You ________a different culture then.

　　A. will be experiencing B. have experienced C. have been experiencing D. will have experienced

　　2、If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______fresh watermelon in the fall.

　　A. eat B. would eat C. have eaten D. will be eating

　　3、—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?

　　—Sure. I a report at home.

　　A. will be writing B. will have written C. have written D. have been writing

　　现在完成时

　　表示到说话时为止(或到现在为止)已经发生或完成了(不一定结束)的动作或状态。过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。

　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

　　基本用法

　　Ø 表示影响

　　表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。

　　如汉语说“他已离开这个城市了”，其中的“离开”肯定发生了，它对现在的影响或结果就是“他现在已不在这个城市了”;

　　如汉语说“有人把窗户打破了”，显然“打破窗户”这一动作发生在过去，并且在过去已经完成了，但说话人强调的重点是打破窗户对现在的影响——窗户现在仍是破的。如：

　　He has been away from the city.他已离开这个城市。(结果：他不在这个城市。)

　　Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。(结果：窗户仍破着。)

　　I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。

　　根据句意可知，“丢钢笔”这个动作发生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个过过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响——我现在无钢笔用，或我得去买支新的。

　　We have finished the work. 我们已把工作干完了。

　　显然“完成工作”这个动作发生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个过过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响——我们可以休息了，或可以回家了，或可以做别的事了。

　　Ø 表示持续

　　表示一个过去发生的动作或开始的状态在过去并未完成或结束，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。

　　I’ve waited a week for your answer. 等你的答复我已等了一个星期。

　　根据句意可知，“等”这个动作发生在过去，但它在过去并没有完成，而是一直等到现在，已持续了一个星期。

　　We have lived here quite a number of years. 我们在这里住了很多年了。

　　根据句意可知，“住在这儿”是从过去开始的，但它在过去并没有完成，而是一直等到现在，已持续了好几年。

　　Ø 表示重复

　　即表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。如：

　　How often have you seen her again? 你隔多长时间见她一次?

　　My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向骑车上班。

　　Ø 表示将来

　　同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。如：

　　I’ll wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信写完。

　　When you have rested， I’ll show you the garden.等你休息好之后，我领你看我们的花园。[1]

　　用法要点

　　1.不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语)

　　如yesterday(morning、afternoon)，last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for，since连用.

　　2.往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用

　　如already(肯定句)，yet(否定、疑问句)，just，before，recently，still，lately，never等：

　　He has already obtained a scholarship.他已经获得了一份奖学金。

　　3.经常与表示频度的时间状语连用，

　　如often，sometimes，ever，never，twice，on several occasion等：

　　Have you ever been to Beijing? 你以前去过北京吗?

　　George has met that gentleman on several occasions.乔治已经在好几个场合见过那个先生几次。

　　4. 往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用

　　如now，just，(up to)these few days/weeks/months/years，this morning/week/month/year，today，up to present，so far， up to now，up till now，till now"等：，

　　Peter has written six papers so far.彼得写了六篇论文，到目前为止。

　　Up to the present everything has been successful.到现在为止一切都是成功的。

　　5.现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束。

　　例如：He has turned the light off .他已把灯关了。

　　现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning / month /year...，today等)连用。

　　例如：Have you found your pen?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

　　6.现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

　　例如：He has lived here since 1978。

　　自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)

　　I have been in the army for more than 5 years.

　　我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)

　　此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。

　　例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

　　注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

　　7.一段时间+has passed+since从句，in the past few days/weeks/months/years，since+点时间，for+段时间，since+段时间+ago，since+从句(过去时)，It is+时段+since+从句(过去时)。

　　8. 表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 +that” 后面跟现在完。

　　This is my first time that I have visited China.

　　This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

　　That is the only book that he has written.

　　巩固练习

　　1、His first novel good reviews since it came out last month.

　　A. receives B.is receiving C. will receive D. has received

　　2、It is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this school.

　　A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended

　　3、——I didn’t ask for the name list. Why ______on my desk? ——I put it there just now in case you needed it.

　　A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. Had it landed

　　4、When you are home , give a call to let me know you ______ safely.

　　A. are arriving B. have arrived C. had arrived D. will arrive

　　5、Up to now, the program _______ thousands of children who would otherwise have died.

　　A. would save B. saves C. had saved D. has saved

　　6、When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I my mind.

　　A. have changed B. change C. had changed D. would change

　　过去完成时

　　过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，有两重意思：①表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生的动作;②表示由过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作。可图示为：

　　A表示发生在过去的动作对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或结果，用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的一个事件。

　　B 过去某动作一直持续到现在将来可能还要延续下去。句中的动作发生在过去之前(过去的过去)，即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。

　　e.g: He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。

　　(因为“说”said就是过去式，而去北京的动作发生在说said的过去，所以用过去完成时而不用现在完成时。

　　基本用法

　　(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，也可以说过去发生的事对现在的影响与结果(根据语境分析)。可以用by， before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

　　She had learned English before she came to Britain.

　　她在来英国以前已学过英文了。

　　By the end of last month, we had finished half of the project.

　　到上个月底为止，我们已完成了一半的工程。

　　She said she had lost her purse on her way to the station.

　　她说她在去火车站的路上丢了钱包。

　　By nine o’clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

　　到昨天晚上9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。

　　(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常与by，for或since构成的时间状语连用

　　e.g：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

　　站已经等了20分钟，一辆公共汽车终于来了。

　　He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说他自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

　　在以下固定句式中，虽然两个动作几乎同时发生，但主句使用过去完成时，仍然表明动作在先。

　　Hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。

　　I had hardly left the room when the telephone rang.

　　我刚刚离开房间电话就响了。

　　No sooner had she arrived than she devoted herself to her research.

　　她一到达就投身于她的研究。

　　Scarcely had the sick baby seen the nurse when she began to cry.

　　那个生病的小孩一看见护士就大哭起来。

　　(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，用过去完成时。

　　e.g：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

　　史密斯昨天就去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。

　　(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

　　e.g：I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。

　　(5)过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

　　e.g：He said that he had known her well.他说他早就知道她的好。

　　(6)状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，“发生在过去的过去”，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的从句.

　　e.g：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。

　　She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

　　注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

　　e.g：After he arrived in England， Marx worked hard to improve his English.

　　马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

　　(7)动词think， want， hope， mean， plan， intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

　　e.g：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

　　(8)过去完成时还可用在It was the first (second， etc)time (that)…等固定句型中。

　　It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。

　　常用的时间状语有：

　　By the time sb. +动词过去式，before，when，after，by+，until， once， no sooner……than，yet，already等。如：The bus had already left by the time I got there.

　　判定过去完成时：

　　由时间状语来判定

　　一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：

　　( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

　　( 2 )by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：By the end of last term， we had learned 5000 new words

　　We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

　　(3 )before + 过去的时间点。如：

　　They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

　　由“过去的过去”来判定

　　过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：

　　( 1 )宾语从句中

　　当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told， said， knew， heard， thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：

　　She said that she had seen the film before.

　　( 2 )状语从句中

　　在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：

　　After he had finished his homework， he went to bed.

　　注意： before， after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：

　　After he closed the door， he left the classroom.

　　(3)表示意向的动词，如hope， wish， expect， think， intend， mean， suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

　　We had hoped that you would come， but you didn't.

　　根据上、下文来判定

　　I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

　　巩固练习：

　　1、He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ______ it for a very long time.

　　A. has had B. had had C. has D. had

　　2、She was surprised to find the fridge empty; The child everything!

　　A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating

　　3、Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they from China.

　　A.receive B.are receiving C.have received D.had received

　　4、——What a mistake!

　　——Yes. I his doing it another way, but without success.

　　A.was suggesting B.will suggest C.would suggest D.had suggested

　　5、It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ______for me.

　　A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing

　　6、—Peter , where did you guys go for the summer vacation?

　　—We________ busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.

　　A. were B. have been C. had been D. will be

　　将来完成时

　　将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time短语引导的现在时的从句连用。

　　shall+have+过去分词用于第一人称(l，we)，will+have+过去分词可用于所有人称。

　　a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。并在将来完成。

　　b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已经对动作产生一定的影响。

　　They will have been married for 20 years by then.

　　Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.

　　不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。

　　He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.

　　他现在是一个有身份的人了，

　　他可能不会记得老同学了。

　　基本用法

　　1.表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

　　We will have learned 12 units by the end of this term。

　　到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。

　　By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house.

　　你到家之前我将把房子底打扫一遍。

　　2.表示推测，相当于"must have done"结构。

You will have heard of this， I guess.我想你已经听说过这件事了。

　　I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定会得到这个信息。

　　3.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。

　　We will have been married a year on June 25th.到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。

　　巩固练习

　　1. On her next birthday, Ann___ married for twenty years.

　　A.is B.has been C.will be D.will have been

　　2. —Tommy is planning to buy a car. ——I know. By next month, he __enough for a used one.

　　A. saves B .saved C.will save D. will have saved

　　现在完成进行时

　　主语+助动词(have/has)+been+动词的现在分词+其他成分。表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者刚刚终止，或者可能仍然要继续下去。(与since，for连用时，常常表示动作会进行下去)

　　基本用法

　　(一)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。

　　The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)

　　I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。(动作还将继续下去)

　　I have studying for English since 10 years ago.

　　(二)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

　　We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，会继续等)

　　(三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。

　　They have been living in this city for ten years.=They have lived in this city for ten years

　　他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。(动作还将继续下去)

　　I have been working here for five years. =I have worked here for five years.

　　我在这里已经工作五年了。(动作还将继续下去)

　　(四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。

　　I have been writing a book. (动作还将继续下去)我一直在写一本书。

　　I have written a book. (动作已经完成)我已经写了一本书。

　　They have been building a bridge.他们一直在造一座桥。(动作还将继续下去)

　　They have built a bridge.他们造了一座桥。(动作已经完成)

　　(五)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。

　　I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。

　　I have been knowing... 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌等。

　　(六)一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同

　　延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态中使用，句意相同。例如：

　　She has slept for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.

　　She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.她已经睡了6个小时，到现在还没有醒来。

　　(七)表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性It has been raining for 3 days。

　　1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

　　Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

　　2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：

　　It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)Jack has been feeling very well recently.

　　3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：

　　She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

　　4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：

　　Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.

　　The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.

　　标志:1句中常有延续性动词2时间点前有since

　　巩固练习

　　1. Tom _____ in the library every night over the last three months.

　　A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working

　　2. I’m sure you will do better in the test because you ___so hard this year.

　　A. Studied B. had studied C. will study D. have been studying

　　3. ----We’ve spent too much money recently.

　　----well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives _______around all the time

　　A. are coming B. had come C. were coming .D have been coming

　　4. I’m tired out. I ______ all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything.

　　A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping

　　5. Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she _____ since her marriage to Father.

　　A shoulders B shouldered C is shouldering D has been shouldering

　　6.—why, Jack, you look so tired! —Well, I _____the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.

　　A. was painting B. will be painting C. have painted D. have been painting

　　过去完成进行时

　　相对过去的某个时刻来说已经对现在有直接影响并且还在进行的动作。放在间接引语或虚拟语气中时它的时态不能再向前推，向后推是现在完成进行时。主语 +had+been(助动词) +谓语动词-ing

　　过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示某个过去正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后才结束

　　He had been waiting for two weeks. He was still waiting.(有一个表示一段时间的状语)

　　他已经等了两个星期。他还在等。

　　Up to that time he had been translating those books.直到那时他一直在翻译这些书。

　　He stopped swimming.He had been swimming for the last three hours.

　　他停止了游泳。他已经在过去的三小时内游泳。

　　特别含义

　　1)尚未完成：He had been writing the novel.(He had not finished it yet.)

　　2)企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.(He was trying to study it.)

　　3)未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said.(But we were not able to understand it.)

　　4)最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife.(lately)

　　5)反复动作：He had been asking me the same question.(Many times)

　　6)情绪：What had he been doing?(不耐烦)

　　特点

　　这种时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替：

　　He had not practised English for many years.(普通说法)

　　He had not been practising English for many years.(少见)

　　这种时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时：

　　He said，“I have been speaking to John.”= He said that he had been speaking to John.

　　He thought，“She was watching me when I passed.”

　　= He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed.

　　巩固练习

　　They received the parcel that they ____ for a long time.

　　A. expected B. have expected C. had been expecting D. had expected

　　将来完成进行时

　　基本用法

　　一、将来完成进行时的用法

　　将来完成进行时表示某一动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间(即说话者人提及的时间)，是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。如：

　　By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我已经为该公司干了24年了。

　　If we don’t hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们若不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。

　　二、将来完成进行时的构成

　　将来完成进行时由“will / shall have been+现在分词”构成。

　　By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years. 到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。

　　三、将来完成进行时连用的时间状语

　　与将来完成进行时连用最多的时间状语时是“by+将来时间”，见上面的例子。当然除“by+将来时间”外，连用其他的时间状语也是可能的。如：

　　He will have been working all day. 他整天将都在工作。

　　四、将来完成进行时的情态意义

　　“will / shall have been+现在分词”结构除表示将来完成进行时外，有时其中的 will 也可能是情态动词，具有情态意义，比较表示推测或猜想等。如：

　　They will have been having a holiday yesterday. 他们昨天大概是在度假。

　　时态用法区别

　　一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别

　　1.一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去产某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。

　　2.一般过去时常用的状语有yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等;现在完成时常用的状语有already, just (刚刚), yet, never, before 等;表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语有：today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在过去的这几天/年里)。since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。

　　3.比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：

　　He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. (这是过去的一件事)

　　He has served in the army for 5 years. (现在他仍在军中服役，他是个军人)

　　He wrote many plays when he was at college.

　　他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。(写剧本是他过去的事)

　　He has written many plays.

　　他写了许多部剧本。(这意味着他是剧作家)

　　I saw Hero last year.

　　去年我看了《英雄》这部电影。(看《英雄》的时间是去年，与现在时间无关)

　　I have seen Hero before.

　　我以前看过《英雄》这部电影。(强调现在还知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间。)

　　一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别

　　1.一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。

　　2.过去完成时的时间状语常用by 和before 引导的短语表示，如by that time, by the end of…, before 2000, by the time +句子等。

　　过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别

　　1.两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语)，而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的劝作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。

　　2.比较下面的说法

　　She had been ill for a week before she came back.

　　她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。(回来发生在过去某一时间，发病发生在过去的过去)

　　She has been ill for a week.

　　她生病一个星期了。(现在仍在生病)

　　现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法区别

　　着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时

　　I have read that book.我读过那本书了。(知道那本书的内容)

　　着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时

　　—Hi, Tracy, you look tired.

　　—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.

　　A. painted B. had painted

　　C. have been painting D. have painted

　　说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续

　　语态

　　一、概述

　　语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。

　　She typed a letter. (主动，主语She是type动作的执行者)

　　A letter was typed by her.(被动，主语A letter是typed动作的承受者)

　　二、被动语态

　　1、被动语态的概述

　　被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。

　　2、构成

　　其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词see为例列表如下：

式

　　时

　　一般式

　　进行式

　　完成式

　　现在时am

　　is seen

　　aream

　　is being seen

　　arehas

　　been seen

　　have

　　过去时was

　　seen

　　werewas

　　being seen

　　were

　　had been seen

　　将来时shall

　　seen

　　will shall

　　have been seen

　　will

　　过去将来时should

　　be seen

　　would should

　　have been seen

　　would

　　注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。

　　巧记：被动特点强调宾(语)，用be加上过去分(词)，行为对象做主语，逻辑主语by引。

　　He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。(含有情态动词的被动语态)

　　The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。(现在进行时的被动语态)

　　He said that the books would be given to the students.他说这些书将发给学生。(过去将来时的被动态)

　　巧记：被动不离“be”“p.p.”，主谓一致莫忘记，句中时态要留意，“进行”易漏一个“be”。

　　3、被动语态的使用范围

　　(1)不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者

　　当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。

　　This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。

　　English is spoken in Canada. 加拿大讲英语。

　　(2)为了强调动作的承受者时

　　Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。

　　The store is run by the trade union. 这家店是工会办的。

　　The song was composed by a student. 这首歌是一个学生谱写的。

　　(3)出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者

　　You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。

　　The plan was generally considered not practical. 普遍认为这个计划不实用。

　　It’s said that he would come back soon. 据说他很快就会来。

　　常用于如下短语：

　　It’s not known that… ……不得而知 It’s said that… 据说……

　　It’s reported that… 据报道…… It’s not decided that…尚未决定

　　It’s believed that… 据认为…… It’s announced that…据宣布……

　　巧记：动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的不必要，接受动作者要强调，用被动语态最为妙。

　　4、主动语态变为被动语态

　　主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语(如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格);把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构;主动句中的主语变为by介词短语(如果是人称代，主格变为宾格)，有时介词短语可省去。

　　(1)含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句

　　在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by的宾语，但是短语可以不要。

　　He wrote a letter. (active voice)他写了一封信。

　　→A letter was written by him. (passive voice)他写了一封信。

　　(2)含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句

　　有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。

　　①行为动词

　　They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。

　　→She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。

　　②感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时

　　在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词(see, watch, hear等)和使役动词(make ,have)的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。

　　They made him go there alone. 他们让他自己去那里。

　　→He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。

　　I saw him cross the road and enter the bank. 我看到他穿过马路到银行去了。

　　→He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank. 有人看见他穿过马路到银行去了。

　　注意：动词是let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。

　　They let John go.他们让约翰走。

　　→John was let go. 约翰不得不走。

　　(3)含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句

　　①直接宾语是名词、代词时

　　有些动词(give, tell, buy等)在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)，又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to(有时可以省去)或for。

　　She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。

　　→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书

　　→The book was given to me. (passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。

　　注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。

　　This apple is given to me, not to you. 这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。

　　②直接宾语是从句时

　　如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。

　　Someone told me where the accident had happened. (passive voice)有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。

　　→I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。

　　(4)带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句

　　①带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语。

　　Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.(active voice)无人知道矿中是否还有黄金。

　　→It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. ( passive voice)矿中是否还有黄金无人知道。

　　We believed that he was ill.我们相信他病了。

　　→It was believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。

　　②带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构

　　He said the play was very interesting. 他说这台戏剧很有趣。

　　→The play was said to be very interesting. 据说这台戏剧很有趣。

　　(5)带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句

　　如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。

　　We must take measures to stop pollution. 我们必须采取措施制止污染。

　　→Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 必须采取措施制止污染。

　　5、被动结构的时态

　　被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed形式来构成的

　　(1)一般现在时

　　一般现在时的被动结构是由“be的一般现在时(am/is/are)+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。

　　In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上有的地方，茶和奶一起喝。

　　(2)一般过去式

　　一般过去式的被动结构是由“be的一般过去式(was/were)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　His leg was broken in an accident. 他的腿在一次车祸中骨折了。

　　(3)一般将来时

　　一般将来时的被动结构是由“be的一般将来时(shall/will be)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　He will be taken to the park on Sunday. 星期天有人要带他到公园。

　　(4)现在进行时

　　现在进行时的被动结构是由“be的现在进行时(am/is/are being)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　A teaching building is being built now. 现在正建造一座教学大楼。

　　(5)过去进行时

　　过去进行时的被动语态是由“be的过去进行时(was/were being)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。

　　(6)现在完成时

　　现在完成时的被动语态是由“be的现在进行时(has/have been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start. 任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。

　　(7)过去完成时

　　过去完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去完成时(had been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters had been translated into English. 到去年末，大约二百万个汉字翻译成了英语。

　　(8)将来完成时

　　将来完成时的被动语态是由“be的将来完成时(will/shall have been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　The buiding will have been completed before he comes.他来之前，大楼将会竣工。

　　(9)过去将来完成时

　　过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去将来完成时(would/should have been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　He told me that the dam would have been completed by December.他告诉我大坝将在12月前竣工。

　　注意：将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。

　　6、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态

　　含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。

　　This bike can be mended in two hours. 两个小时内可修好该自行车。

　　7、短语动词的被动语态

　　通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

　　Have you sent for the doctor? 你派人去请医生了吗?

　　→Has the doctor been sent for? 派人去请医生了吗?

　　注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。

　　Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。

　　You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。

　　→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 注意你的发音。

　　8、Get型被动语态

　　被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。

　　(1)get+及物动词的过去分词

　　①get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。

　　Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.大城市的女钟点工按小时付酬。

　　He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。

　　The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。

　　②get-型被动语态一般不可接by短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及物动词的过去分词”的形式。

　　误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school.

　　正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school.

　　③get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。

　　The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。

　　The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)

　　Some farmers were seen working in the fields.(正)只见一些农民正在田地里干活。

　　Some farmers got seen working in the fields.( 误)

　　④get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩

　　He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)

　　How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上”之意)

　　⑤get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。

　　She got tired. 她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)

　　She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)

　　(2)seem, appear+动词的-ed形式以及stand, rest, grow, become等+动词的-ed形式也可表示被动语态。

　　He seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话激怒了。

　　Their curiosity grew aroused. 他们的好奇心被激起。

　　三、主动形式表示被动意义的词

　　1、既是及物又是不及物的动词

　　一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等;此类动词常接副词作状语(有些可以不加)。

　　Books of this kind sell well. 这本书很畅销。

　　The door won't shut.门关不上。

　　The shoes wear well.这鞋子经穿。

　　The meat cuts easily. 这肉好切。

　　The work doesn’t pay. 这项工作没有报酬。

　　2、系动词

　　系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。

　　-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块面料吗?

　　-Yes, it feels very soft. 喜欢，手感不错。

　　The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。

　　3、need等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式

　　need, want, require，stand, take, won’t bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式，表示被动意义。在这种情况下，句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。

　　Your hair needs cutting. 你的头发需要理。

　　The room wants cleaning everyday.这个房间需要每天打扫。

　　The point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得提。

　　The rules take some learning. 这规则需要下点功夫学。

　　That won’t bear thinking of. 那不堪想象。

　　4、某些表语的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动

　　当动词不定式作表语形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

　　This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很那回答。

　　The room is comfortable to live in. 这屋子住起来很舒服。

　　5、某些作宾补的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动

　　当动词不定式作宾补形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

　　We find the man hard to get along with. 我们发现这个人很难相处。

　　I think English easy to learn. 我发现英语很好学。

　　6、不定式作定语

　　不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

　　I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。

　　Have you got anything to say at the meeting?会上你有时说吗?

　　7、be worth doing结构

　　在be worth doing结构中，-ing分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。

　　-What do you think of the book?你认为这本书怎么样?

　　-Oh, excellent.It's worth reading a second time. 很好，值得再读一遍。

　　The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得看。

　　课堂练习

　　一、单选

　　1. The manager ___ the workers how to improve the program since 9 a.m.

　　A. has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told

　　2. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she ____ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.

　　A. lives B. would live C. having ask D. were to live

　　3. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it __. .

　　A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated

　　4.-Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong?

　　-Well, I____ a test and I’m waiting for the result.

　　A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take

　　5. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______.We must act immediately before there’s none left.

　　A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out

　　6. Our friendship _____ quickly over the weeks that followed.

　　A. had developed B. was developing C. would develop D. developed

　　7.—When did the computer crash?

　　-- This morning, while I ______ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.

　　A. have sorted B. was sorting C. am sorting D. had sorted

　　8. –Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?

　　--I’m sorry, but by then I ___ to Beijing. How about five?

　　A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying

　　9. The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _____.

　　A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were leaving

　　10. Close the door of fear behind you, and you ______ the door of faith open before you.

　　A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing

　　11. “The moment _____ soon,” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.

　　A. came B. has come C. was coming D. is coming

　　12. The three of us ________ around Europe for about a month last summer.

　　A. traveled B. have traveled C. had traveled D. travel

　　13. —Look! Somebody ______ the sofa.

　　Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.

　　A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. has cleaned D. had cleaned

　　14. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ____.

　　A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt

　　15. They made up their mind that they______ a new house once Larry changed jobs.

　　A. bought B. would buy C. have bought D. had bought

　　16. Whenever you______ a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.

　　A. bought B. have bought C. will buy D. buy

　　17. Unless extra money______, the theatre will close.

　　A. was found B. finds C. is found D. found

　　18. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.

　　A. has been B. had been C. was going to be D. was

　　19. You’d better write down her phone number before you ______ it.

　　A. forget B. are forgetting C. forgot D. will forget

　　20. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ______ until yesterday.

　　A. will come B. was coming C. had come D. came

　　二、语法填空

　　1. “But,” replied Kim, “I have always completed every assignment you (27) _____ (give) me, Mr. Williams.”

　　2. Since 1952 till today, the Lee Foundation which he founded (40)______(donate) three hundred million dollars to various causes with no conditions attached.

　　3. For New Yorkers, talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn (District) and Queens (District) in New York. But at Mallery’s, when I said that I (32) __________ (be) to Myanmar recently, people knew where it was. In New York people would think it was a usual new club.

　　4. We did not appreciate our teachers for their hard work. We only (26) (know) that we got a lot of homework.

　　5. One day I heard two girls talking about making net friends in a café. One said that she (25) ______ (meet) one of her net friends and the other told her not to because most people found their net friends disappointing in real life.

　　6. When Penny arrives, she sees lots of familiar faces. It is July and Uncle Vernon (26) ______ (wear) a sweater. Uncle Vernon is always cold. It’s very mysterious.

　　7. The first night I went to the Berkeley campus to visit my friend Sara, without any argument from my mother. But when I called her to say I had decided to spend the night at Sara’s dorm, my mom informed me that she wanted me home at one a.m. I was wild with anger! I 30 (make) my own decisions how late a young man should stay out for several months.

　　8. The proposal (31) ______ (put) to the European Parliament and member states, and it is not expected to come into force until 2016.

　　9. At the age of eight, Dahl and four of his friends (28)______(beat) by the headmaster after playing a practical joke on a candy store owner.

　　10. Noise quite clearly affects the health of modern man. It is a health threat. Loud noise (33) ______ (say) to be a leading cause of deafness among many people over 65.

　　11.However much they earned, it never seemed to be enough. They were unable to remove the financial in security that ____28____ (acquire) in childhood.

　　12. So far, a lot of research 37 (do) in America on the effect of 24-hour working, and there is growing concern about the long-term dangers of a society that doesn’t sleep.

　　13. It’s taken a long time for women to realize 39. _____ important strength training is, but once they try it, they 40. _____ (hook).”

　　14. Their diet (27)_____(make) up of coconuts (椰子), fish and other seafood.

　　The Flakes brought along a lobster (龙虾) trap in hopes of having some delicious treats, but it was lost within the first few hours after (29)_____(attack) by a shark.

　　15.That was before all the fun (25)_______(take) out of playing.

　　16.Some parents, who (26)_____(pay) the coach extra (27)_____return for their daughters' private one-on-one training, got angry when she didn't give them more playing time.

　　17.Family-friendly facilities (33)_____(develop) for a new golfing demographic(人群)in the following years.

　　18.Today the company (25) _______(establish) 5,945 stores in the United States and 2,392 more overseas and in Canada.

　　19.Everyone else (30) _______ (grab) their coffee to go.

　　20.Reported Newsweek’s Sharon Begley on the findings, “The highest level of happiness (35) ______ (find) with the most stable, longest, and most contented relationships.”

　　CDDBB DBCDC DACAB DCCAB

　　1.have given/gave 2.has donated 3. had been 4. knew 5.would meet 6. is wearing 7.had been making 8. will be put 9. were beaten 10. is said 11. was acquired/had been acquired 12. has been done 13.are/will be hooked 14. was made being attacked 15. was taken 16. had paid 17. will be developed 18.has established 19. grabs 20.is found

　　课后作业

　　Section B

　　Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

　　(A)

　　Stephen Glenn is a famous American research scientist who has made several very important medical breakthroughs. Many people were dying to know the secrets to his fantastic achievements. To unveil the mystery, a newspaper reporter interviewed him asking why he was able to be so much more creative than the average person. What set him so far apart from others?

　　Having assumed to hear wordings like innate curiosity for science or hard work, the reporter was surprised to have him respond that, in his opinion, it all came from an experience with his mother that occurred when he was about four years old. He had been trying to remove a bottle of milk from the refrigerator when he lost his grip on the slippery bottle and it fell, spilling its contents all over the kitchen floor - a real sea of milk!

　　When his mother came into the kitchen, instead of shouting at him, giving him a lecture or chastising him, she said, "Steve, what a great and wonderful mess you have made! I have rarely seen such a huge pond of milk. Well, the damage has already been done. Would you like to get down and play in the milk for a few minutes before we clean it up?"

　　Indeed, he did. After a few minutes, his mother said, "You know, Steve, whenever you make a mess like this, eventually you have to clean it up and restore everything to its proper order. So, how would you like to do that? We could use a sponge, a towel or a mop. Which do you prefer?" He chose the sponge and together they cleaned up the spilled milk.

　　His mother then said, "You know, what we have here is a failed experiment in how to effectively carry a big milk bottle with two tiny hands. Let's go out in the back yard and fill the bottle with water and see if you can discover a way to carry it without dropping it." The little boy learned that if he grasped the bottle at the top near the lip with both hands, he could carry it without dropping it. What a wonderful lesson!

　　This renowned scientist then remarked that it was at that moment that he knew he didn't need to be afraid to make mistakes. Instead, he learned that mistakes were just opportunities for learning something new, which is, after all, what scientific experiments are all about. Even if the experiment ‘doesn't work,’ we usually learn something valuable from it.

　　Wouldn't it be great if all parents would respond the way Steve's mother responded to him?

　　66. According to the passage, a newspaper interviewed Stephen Glenn in order to ______.

　　A. persuade him to treat some dying patients

　　B. find out his differences with ordinary people

　　C. hear about his opinions about medical science

　　D. know about why he was so successful

　　67. According to the passage, the underlined word ‘chastise’ is closest in meaning to ______.

　　A. pursuing B. punishing C. praising D. educating

　　68. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　A. Steve spilled the milk bottle to make a milk sea on purpose.

　　B. Steve’s mother allowed him to play some time with the spilled milk.

　　C. Steve’s mother let him choose the tool himself to clean up the milk

　　D. Steve’s mother led him to try out ways to tightly hold the milk bottle.

　　69. What ordinary mothers can learn from Steve’s mother is that ______.

　　A. never put milk bottle where little kids can get hold of

　　B. appreciation of kids’ behaviours is important to their growth

　　C. mothers should teach kids to learn from their own mistakes

　　D. kids should learn to become scientists from childhood.

　　(B)

　　Our website is presenting to you the world’s leading museums and gallaries:

　　Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

　　The Smithsonian is one of the world’s leading research and museum complexes, with 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and various research stations. More than 137 million objects detailing America’s history are exhibited here. There’s so much to see that, if you spent every day and night looking at the exhibits at normal pace, in ten years you’d see only ten percent of the whole. Therefore, it’s wise to head out with a plan. Focus on some famous exhibits at two or three different museums.

　　Le Louvre, Paris, France

　　The Louvre was a medieval fortress and the palace of the kings of France before becoming a museum two centuries ago. The addition of the Chinese architect I. M. Pei’s stylish glass pyramid (金字塔) shocked many when it was opened to public in 1989 as the new main entrance, yet it somehow works and has won compliment in the country, combining the palace’s various elements to make the museum stand out as the most shinning diamond on the French artistic crown. The museum’s collections, though failing to excel in numbers, are among the most important in the world.

　　The Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece

　　The amazing groundfloor gallery houses were found from the slopes of the Acropolis (卫城). Its amazing see-through glass floor provides a walk over history, with a view of the archaeological (考古的) digging. Smaller settlements have been dug out, providing glimpses of Athenian life. Despite its lack of variety in exhibits and limited collections, the Acropolis attracts audience by, for the first time, allowing visitors to take in the stone exhibits, which are displayed in open air characterized by changing natural light.

　　State Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia

　　Russia may be isolated from the artistic centers of the US or West Europe, but the Hermitage has managed to acquire a spectacular collection of world art—three million items in numbers. The museum occupies six buildings along the Neva River, the leading structure being the candy-like Winter Palace. This gloriously blue-and-white structure was finished in 1764 and over the next several centuries was the main residence of the czars (沙皇). The museum’s leading attraction is Western European art—in 120 rooms in four buildings ranging from the Middle Ages to the present day.

　　70. Compared with the other three, which of the following is not geographically distinguished in art history?

　　A. Smithsonian Institution. B. Le Louvre.

　　C. The Acropolis Museum. D. State Hermitage.

　　71. Which of the following enjoys the largest number of exhibit collections?

　　A. Smithsonian Institution. B. Le Louvre.

　　C. The Acropolis Museum. D. State Hermitage.

　　72. The new Le Louvre entrance was recognized by French people because ______.

　　A. it was designed by a famous foreign architect

　　B. it was constructed in a very fashionable style

　　C. it demonstrates the joint effect of different factors

　　D. it exhibits the diamond on the crown of a French king

　　73. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?