备战2021年高考十选九阅读巩固提升练习"十选九"解题思路

词缀是指附着在词根前后的使之成为新词的词素。根据其位置可以分为前缀（prefix）和 后缀( suffix)。词缀附着在简单词上，可以从词性和词义方面来形成新的派生词。以下列出一些常见的前缀和后缀。

 

二、前缀的学习与记忆

大部分的前缀能起到改变词义的作用，只有小部分的前缀能改变词性。

 

前缀记忆意义 对应单词

 

(1)a-=on, in在……上 能构成形容词和副词。 形容词：alive活的；asleep睡着的；aloud大声的；afloat漂浮的

a构成的形容词一般做表语或者后置定语。 副词：ahead在前头；ashore在海岸；atop在顶上

(2) anti-＝against，opposing反对 antisocial反社会的；antonym反义词；anti-imperialist反帝国主义的

(3) bi-=two, twice, doubly双 bicycle自行车；biannual每年两次的；bipolar两极的

(4) by-＝secondary, near by在……旁边 bystander旁观者；by-product副产品；byway小路，僻路

(5) circum-…around, about绕 circumpolar绕两极的；circumfuse旋转，盘绕

(6) com- (co-, con，cor)＝with, together一起 co-operation合作；co-existence 共存；co-worker同事；

compose组成；combat战争；correspond符合； collide撞在一起；concentrate集中；connect连接

(7) counter- ＝ against, opposite, 反 counter-attack反：攻； counter-revolutionary反革命的；counterclockwise逆时针方向的

(8) de- ＝- to make down or. away使向下，外 decline下倾，衰退；decrease减少；degrade降低（级别）；

depart起程，寓开；descend下降

(9) dis- (dif-，缸)＝apart; to undo; disorder混乱，杂乱；differ不同，相异；disagree不同意；

lack of, to remove; not否定，除去，取消 divide划分；disqualify取消资格； disadvantage不利条件；

discourage使没有信心；dissimilar不相似的；

discomfort不适，不舒服； disobey不服从

(10) en- (em-)=to put into; to make使成为 enable使能够； enslave奴役；encourage鼓励；enlarge扩大；

（能构成动词） enrich使富有；embitter使更苦；empower使有权力，授权

(11) ex- (e-，ef )= out, out of向外， exit离开（动词），出口（名词）；exceed超过，越出；

分离；以前的（现在已经不是了） eject喷射出；emit散发，发射；erupt喷发；evaporate蒸发；

ex-president前总统；ex-wife前妻；ex- student前学生．

(12) extra-= outside, beyond外，超越 extraordinary非常的，格外的；extracurricular课外的

(13) for- (fore-)=front, before, beforehand前 forward向前；foresee预见；forearm 前臂；foretaste先尝；

forecast预报；fore-mentioned上述的；forehead前额；

forewarn预先警告； forepart前部

(14) for-= forth, away禁，弃 forbid禁止；forget忘记；forgo放弃；forgive原谅（放弃，惩罚）

(15) in- (il-, im-, ir-)＝not; lack of不，非 informal非正式的；incomplete不完全的；indefinite不定的；

independent独立的（不依赖的）；injustice木公正；

insensible无感觉的；immortal不朽的；illegal非法的；

illimitable无边际的；immoral不道德的；imperfect不完美的；

impolite不礼貌的；impracticable行不通的；irregular不规则的；

irresponsible不承担责任的；irreparable不可弥补的

(16) in- (il-, im-, ir-)＝in, into; on, upon;入，内 include包括；inhabit居住于；inject注射入；invade入侵；

illustrate说明，阐明；import输入，进口；immigrate移居入境

(17) inter=between, mutual间，相互 internationalism国际主义；interview会见；interaction相互作用；interrupt中断，阻碍；interchange互换；interflow交流（相互流动）；

interval 间隔

(18) kilo=one thousand干 kilogram千克，公斤；kilometer千米；kilovolt千伏；kilowatt千瓦

(19) micro=very small, one millionth microscope显微镜；microfilm微型胶片；

微小，百万分之一 microwave微波；microenvironment微环境

(20) mid-＝middle中 midday中午；midnight夜半；mid-autumn中秋的

(21) mis= bad, badly, wrong, wrongly误 misunderstand误会；misuse误用；misfortune不幸；

mistake误解，弄错；mistreat虐待（错误的对待）；

misuse误用；miscall误称；mistrust错信

(22) multi= many; having many; many times multiply乘，（使）大量增加；multimedia多媒体；

多次的，许多的 multi-purpose多种用途的

(23) non= not; absence of; without非，不 non-moral非道德范围内的；nonsense胡言；nonexistent不存在的；nonviolence非暴力；nonstop不停的；nonsmoker不抽烟者；

nonfiction非小说类文学作品；nonhuman非人类的

(24) out-＝out, outside; more than, to surpass, outdoor户外的，露天的；outgoing往外去的，出发的；

to be more than在外，超过 outstanding杰出的，显著的；outsmart智胜；outskirt外边，郊区；outsize超过标准尺寸

(25) over＝above, across; too much超越；太… overactive过于活跃的；overdue过期的；overhead在头顶上；overpopulation人口过剩；overflow溢出，泛滥；

overdo做的过头；overestimate过高估计；overconfidence过分自信；

oversensitive过分敏感的；overcritical指摘过度的

(26) post-＝after; behind后 postpone延迟；postgraduate研究生（大学毕业后又深造的学生）；postwar战后的；postfix词尾，后缀

(27) pre=before, beforehand; in front先于 prewar战前的；prehistory史前；pre- election选举前；prepay预付；precede先于；predict预告；prepare准备；prevent预防，阻止；

predawn黎明前的；preview预习

(28) pro-= forward, forth, out; in favor of, produce 生产，制造；progress前进，进步；promote促进，增进；

in place of外，向前，赞成，代替 prospect指望，展望；pro-British亲英的

(29) re-=back, again, against重，再，复 rewrite重写；return返回；review复习；

reflect反射；reject抛弃，丢掉；reappear再出现；

reborn再生的；reconstruct重建；reform改革（重新形成）；

re-create再创造；re-handle重新处理；reunion再联合

(30) se- (sed-)＝apart, aside, away相离 segregate使分离；separate使分开

(31) self-＝oneself; by oneself; automatic, self-supporting自助的；self-conscious自我意识的；

automatically自己 self-control自控；self-respect自尊；self-sacrifice自我牺牲；

self- taught自学的；self-questioning反省；selfish自私的

(32) semi-=half; partly;半；部分 semi-manufacture半成品； semi-final半决赛；

semi-commercial半商业化的；semi-fluid半流质的

(33) sub-＝under; subordinate; incompletely; submerge淹没；suggest建议（自下呈上）；submarine潜水艇；

further在下，自下而上 e.g. suburb近郊； subtitle小标题（下标题）； subconscious潜意识；

sub-standard低于标准的；sub-zero温度零度下的

(34) super- ＝above; beyond; more than;上，超 superman超人； supermarket超级商场；supervise监督，管理；

supernatural超自然的；superpower超级大国；

superior优越的，上级的

(35) tele-＝ afar; operating over a distance; telephone电话；telescope望远镜；television电视；

having to do with television, etc.远 telegraph电报；telecontrol远程处理；telephoto 远距离照相的

(36) trans- (tran-)＝across; beyond; over穿过 transfer转移，传递；translate 翻译；transmit传送，传达；

transatlantic横越大西洋的；transform变形，改变；

transport运输； transplant移植

(37) tri-＝three; having three三 triangle王角形；tricolor三色的；trilogy三部曲

(38) un = not; lack of; to undo; to remove不；移开 unable不能的；unimportant不重要的；untrue不真实的；

unconscious失去知觉的；unknown未知的；unwilling不情愿的；

unreasonably不讲道理地；unemployment失业；uncover揭开，揭露；

unclean不洁的；unfinished未 完成的；unmarried未婚的；

uncertain不确定的；unanswered未答复的

(39) under- - under, lower; not enough在……下，不足 underground在地下；地铁；underwear内衣；

underline在……下划线；undergraduate大学肄业生；

underdeveloped不发达的；underwater在水下；undergo经历，

(40) up- = upward; upper; to make... upward向上 uprise上升，起身；upright直立的，竖立的；upstairs上楼，在楼上；uphold举起，高举；update使升级；

(41) vice- - assistance副 vice-chairman副主席；vice-premier副总理

 

实战演练

Passage 1

 

Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth and throat, according to a government study. Daily cigars also increase the 1 of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (喉) sixfold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. In addition, the report 2 that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.

The health 3 of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. The researchers report that, 4 with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines. "This article provides clear and 5 information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement. "The data are clear—the 6 substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases," he added. "In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive." "To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is— don't. To those 7 smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate 8 the cancer ,heart and lung disease risks," warned Klausner. According to a National Cancer Institute press release, there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "... a 9 body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."

 

Passage 2

 

US states do poorly in women's health. Not a single US state meets basic federal goals for women's health, and the nation as a whole fails except in two areas—mammograms and dental check-ups—researchers said on Thursday. Millions of women lack health 1 , and states make it difficult to enroll in Medicaid, the state-federal health insurance plan for the poor, according to the report. And few states are doing anywhere near enough to help women quit smoking—the leading cause of death in the United States. "The nation as a whole and the 2 states fall short of meeting national goals," reads the report. Put together by the National Women's Law Center and the Oregon Health & Science University, "These health objectives, 3 set for the nation by the US Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 agenda, provide a road map for assessing the 4 of women's health. " Of 27 measures examined by the group, from screening for diseases to 5 treating them, the nation passes on only two, the researchers said. "The nation is so far from the Healthy People goals that it receives an overall grade of 'unsatisfactory'," they wrote. The problem seems to be a lack among states of an 6 plan for health in general, the NWLC said. "State policy makers' piecemeal approach to our health care crisis has resulted 7 a complex and ineffective system that fails to meet the health care needs of women," Judy Waxman, NWLC Vice President 8 Health, said in a statement. "Lawmakers need to take a comprehensive, 9 approach to meeting women's health needs and tackle this serious problem that plagues so many families."

 

Passage 3

 

Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The 1 of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show 2 all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.

Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an 3 factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be 4 to cancer of ome other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less 5 because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.

Apart from statistics, it might be 6 to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components 7 deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of 8 is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.

Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not 9 the hazards.

 

Passage 4

 

For over a month, Indonesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst drought for 50years. Smoke from the fires 1 with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog. This pollution 2 spread and within days it was hanging over neighbouring countries including Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. When the smoke 3 with pollution from factories and cars, it soon became poisonous. Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed (喘息) and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered 4 . The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot(烟灰) covered everything. In some areas, water was hosed (用胶管浇) from high-rise city buildings to break up the smog.

Finally, heavy rains, which came in November, put 5 the fires and cleared the air. But the environmental costs and health problems will remain. Many people from South-Eastern Asian cities are really suffering 6 breathing huge amounts of car exhaust fumes (汽车排放的废气) and factory pollution. Breathing problems could well 7 and many non-sufferers may have difficulties for blood first time. Wildlife has suffered too. In lowland forests, elephants, deer and tigers have been driven out of their homes by smog.

But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact, the word was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and 8 fog. Fog often hung over the capital. Sometimes the smog was so thick and 9 that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents. About 4, 000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952.

 

Passage5

 

If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of 1 , they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put 2 because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is 3 of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the 4 creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to 5 clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can 6 that tine fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned

7 vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of 8 , as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion,' the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the 9 changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

 

Passage 6

 

Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone's preference, is that it's one person's opinion. But 1 the two big cola companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola—are marketed so aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference 2 plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who 3 themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.

We invited staff 4 who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their 5 from the other brand.

We 6 located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one 7 a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we 8 the records statistically to compare the participants' choices 9 what mere guess-work could have accomplished.

Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse—only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.

 

Keys: Passage 1. JFGCE BAIH

Passage 2. JEDIH ABGC

Passage 3. IJAED CFBG

Passage 4. FGHIJ ABDE

Passage 5. JIHGF EDAB

Passage 6. ABCDE FGHI

 

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