Unit1 Women of achievement
12. look down upon/on 看不起
17. deliver 提送，生（小孩），接生，发表（演说）
1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.
她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。
△ work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出
2. She is leading a busy life but she says …
△ lead a …life = live a …life 过……的生活
3. Many people look down upon poor people. 很多人瞧不起穷人。
△ look down upon / on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起
You mustn’t look down upon/ on the disabled.
4. If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb.
如果group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。
△ refer to指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅、参考
5. By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women’s diseases.
很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名妇科专家。
△ by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地
6. Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?
为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？
【语法总结】主谓一致（点击“主谓一致”即可查看全部内容）
6. be satisfied with 对…感到满意
15. keep...free from/of 使…免受影响
1. Have you ever grown any plants? If so, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing?
你种过植物吗？如果种过的话，你是怎么种植的？如果没有种过的话，你想要尝试种植什么植物？
△ If so为省略句式，意为“如果是这样的话”，if用作连词，so 用来代替上文的内容，以避免重复。If not 意为“如果不是这样的话，否则，要不然”，意义与If so 相反。
2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
1974年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
△不定式放在表示次序的词如the first, the last以及the only, the very, the right, the best等词后面作定语,且与所修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. Using his hybrid rice, framers are producing harvest twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻， 农民种出的粮食是以前的两倍。
△“…times as+形容词/副词的原级+ as”为常见的倍数表达法，意为“是……的几倍”。
This room is three times as big as that one.
This room is twice bigger than that one.
= This room is three times the size of that one.
The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times that of ten years ago.
= The output …is 15 times what it was ten years ago.
动词的ing形式如果是名词，这种形式叫做动名词。动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.
Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.
I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.
Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.
Learning English is very difficult .（作主语）
I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）
His job is driving a bus.（作表语）
The washing mashine woks well.（作定语）
1. 只接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语的28个常用动词
practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit
2. 既可接不定式也可接动名词，但含义完全不同的8个动词
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事（未做）
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事（已做）
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已做）
regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事（未做）
regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做过某事（已做）
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
3. it 做形式主语，动名词做真正主语位于句末的重要句型
It is no use/not any use/hardly any use/useless doing
It is no good / not much good doing
It is no worthwhile doing
It is a waste of time doing
Unit 3 A taste of English humor
3. feel/be content with 对…满足
1. Not that Charlie’s own life was easy!
△ not that“并非，倒不是说”，用于句首或短语之前，表否定含义。
2. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.
你会觉得震惊，卓别林则会讲话的时候就被教唱歌，刚会走路的时候就学跳舞。
△ 此句中it作形式宾语，that从句是真正的主语；astonishing是动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，与宾语构成主谓关系。
3. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off…
△ 本句中leaving the family even worse off…为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果。
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
He sat there，reading a newspaper.
The area being studied may be rich in coal.
Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.
Having been told many times，she still can't remember it.
The story is interesting.
He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）
The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）
11. turn one’s back to 背对，背弃
1. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.
第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·家西亚，随后紧跟着的是来自英国的茱莉亚·史密斯。
△ 句中closely followed by…是过去分词短语作伴随状语，一般现在分词作伴随状语的时候较多，但如果伴随的动作与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，则用过去分词。
2. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.
各种文化背景下的人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触的程度和相互间距离也并不一样。
△ 本句中not all“并不是所有的”，是部分否定，在英语中有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词，如all, both, every, everything, entirely, completely 等，与not连用时， 无论not 在它们前面还是后面，都构成部分否定，意为“并非所有……都”，“并非每一……都”。
3. These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed.
这些行为都无所谓好坏，只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已。
△ 句中ways 后面跟的是in which 引导的定语从句。当先行词是way时，后面的定语从句如果缺少方式状语，引导定语从句的引导词有三种方式：in which, that 或不用任何引导词。
【语法总结】动词ing形式（详见第三和第四单元语法总结）
1. Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.
有些主题公园拥有最大或最长的过山车而出名，另外一些则以拥有名胜或特色文化而闻名。
△此句中含some...others“有些……有些……”句型，同时用了承上省略的语法方式。
2. It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether you are traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favorite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.
无论你是在太空遨游，参观海盗船，还是邂逅你喜欢的童话故事或者迪斯尼卡通里的人物，迪斯尼都会把你带到魔幻的世界，使你的梦想变为现实。
△句中whether…or…的含义是“无论是……还是……；不管是……还是……”，引导让步状语从句。
3. Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago.
你可以光顾糖果店，在那里品尝到和150年前美国南方人制作得一模一样的糖果。
△句中the same …that 意为“和……一样的”，表示前后的事物为同一事物。
辨析：the same…that/the same…as
the same… as 用来表示前后两者的相同或相似，而非同一物品；而the same…that表示前后的事物为同一事物。
I want to buy the same dress as you have.
I want to read the same book that you read.
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